DNA methylation in gastric cancer, related to<i>Helicobacter pylori</i>and Epstein-Barr virus

Matsusaka, Keisuke; Funata, Sayaka; Fukayama, Masashi; Kaneda, Atsushi

doi:10.3748/wjg.v20.i14.3916

Cited by 97 publications

(79 citation statements)

References 113 publications

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“…Genome hypomethylation is evaluated as the decrease in 5-methylcytosine content in the entire genome (5). This is particularly seen in repeat sequences, which constitute more than 40% of the genome and are quite methyl under normal conditions.…”

Section: Dna Methylationmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Epstein-Barr Virus and DNA Methylation in Gastric Cancer

Nursal

2016

Istanbul Med J

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Gastric cancer (GC) is the fourth most common type of malignity and the second leading cause of cancer death worldwide. Infectious agents such as Helicobacter pylori (H.pylori) and Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) play important role in the etiology in GC. EBV is a double-stranded DNA virus, approximality 184 kb in size, included in Herpes virus family and is the first virus determined in human neoplastic cell. EBV associated gastric cancer (EBVaGC) constitutes approximately 10% of whole GC in wordlwide. DNA hypermethylation in promotor region of tumor supressor genes is seen frequently in the genetic basis of EBCaGC. It is not a clear subject how EBV infection induce the methylation. In this review, the current literature about the gene promotor region hypermethylation in EBVaGCs will be revised. Keywords:Gastric cancer, Epstein-Barr virus, DNA hypermethylation IntroductionGastric cancer (GC) is a malignancy that is in fourth place in the world in terms of incidence and in second place in cancer-related deaths (1, 2). GC, which is a malignancy having a multifactorial etiology, shows a heterogeneous behavior in biological and genetic aspects (3). The main reason for the pathogenesis is chronic Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection. The International Cancer Research Agency accepted H. pylori as a class 1 carcinogen in 1994. This classification was updated and approved again in 2009 (3). The other infectious agent associated with gastric carcinogenesis is Epstein-Barr virus (EBV).Though early diagnosis in recent years, improved surgical techniques, and improvements in perioperative care conditions have influenced the clinical course of GC in a positive way, GC is still a major problem because of its high prevalence, poor prognosis, and limited treatment options (2). Due to the advanced stage of disease at diagnosis, 5-year survival is only 20%-30% (4). The fatality rate of GC is higher than colon, breast, and prostate cancers that are common.The prognosis of gastric cancer depends on its stage at diagnosis and the selection of appropriate treatment strategies. The identification of new molecular markers in the early diagnosis of cancers and the therapeutic strategy will positively affect the clinical course of the disease. This will be possible only with the understanding of the biological behavior of the tumor. In this compilation, recent literature will be reviewed about the relationship between DNA hypermethylation observed in EBV and in GC. DNA methylationCancer occurs by the accumulation of genetic and epigenetic changes over a long period. DNA methylation is common in cancer and is divided into two categories: "whole genome hypomethylation" and "regional hypermethylation" (5).Genome hypomethylation is evaluated as the decrease in 5-methylcytosine content in the entire genome (5). This is particularly seen in repeat sequences, which constitute more than 40% of the genome and are quite methyl under normal conditions. Genome hypomethylation seen in almost all cancers increases the progression of cancer by causing g...

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Section: Dna Methylationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Transcription is suppressed by the hypermethylation of the gene promoter region. This is one of the major reasons leading to function loss in tumor suppressor genes (5). Promoter-region hypermethylation is commonly seen in the early stages of cancer (4).…”

Section: Dna Methylationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Epstein-Barr Virus and DNA Methylation in Gastric Cancer

Nursal

2016

Istanbul Med J

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“…Activation of NF-κB mediates the expression of multiple genes involved in H. pylori-induced host responses, such as expression of interleukin (IL)-6, -8. In addition, recent studies indicate H. pylori infection also causing epigenetic changes in epithelial cells including DNA methylation and histone modifications [30]. Their expression lead to increased inflammatory cytokine production, immune cell infiltration, affecting host cell apoptosis, proliferation and differentiation, finally result in clinical presentation and epithelial cell oncogenic transformation [29].…”

Section: Bacterial Carcinogenesismentioning

confidence: 99%

Unconventional Causes of Conventional Oral Cancer

Gupta¹,

Kheur²

2015

J Clin Exp Pathol

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“…The genome-overall hypomethylation is seen almost in all cases of cancer and accelerates the progression of cancer by causing genomic instability. 7 Genomic modifications that do not cause a change in DNA sequencing are defined as epigenetic. DNA methylation is the most frequently studied epigenetic mechanism.…”

Section: Dna Methylationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This is one of the major mechanisms that inactivate tumor suppressor genes. 7 DNA methylation occurs with the enzymes named DNA methyltransferases (DNMT). There are different types of DNMT enzymes.…”

Section: Dna Methylationmentioning

confidence: 99%

The relationship between Helicobacter pylori and DNA hypermethylation in gastric cancer

Nursal

2015

Journal of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases

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Gastric cancer (GC) is one of the most common types of cancer across the world. GC carcinogenesis demonstrates a multi-step progression with the accumulation of genetic and epigenetic changes. The genetic changes on gene expression, without any change on deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) sequencing, are named as "epigenetic". DNA methylation is the most commonly studied epigenetic modification in mammalians. Hypermethylation is observed on CpG (-Cphosphate-G-) islands In GC, promoter regions of genes. This is a significant mechanism that causes functional losses in tumor suppressor genes. In gastric cancer, DNA hypermethylation is seen in many genes. Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) are a type of spiral-shaped Gram-negative bacteria. It infects approximately half of the world's population. H. pylori is an important etiological factor that causes GC in human beings. Chronic H. pylori infection in human is associated with hypermethylation of promoter sequences of different genes. This paper provides a review of the current literature on the relationship between H. pylori infection and DNA hypermethylation in GC. J Microbiol Infect Dis 2015;5(4): 187-190

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DNA methylation in gastric cancer, related toHelicobacter pyloriand Epstein-Barr virus

Cited by 97 publications

References 113 publications

Epstein-Barr Virus and DNA Methylation in Gastric Cancer

Epstein-Barr Virus and DNA Methylation in Gastric Cancer

Unconventional Causes of Conventional Oral Cancer

The relationship between Helicobacter pylori and DNA hypermethylation in gastric cancer

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