Do antipredator responses of Euphlyctis cyanophlyctis tadpoles depend on the intensity of predation risk?

Supekar, Swapnil C.; Gramapurohit, Narahari P.

doi:10.1007/s10452-020-09780-y

Cited by 7 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 87 publications

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“…Here, the prolonged metamorphic time but same body size may fulfill the minimum requirements for metamorphosis. Previous studies have reported similar results, indicating that the presence of predators leads to a longer or same time to metamorphosis and a larger or same size at metamorphosis in other larval salamanders, such as Euphlyctis cyanophlyctis (Supekar & Gramapurohit, 2020) and T. alpestris (Van Buskirk & Schmidt, 2000). During the subsequent terrestrial stage, a larger body size may reduce predator palatability, thereby enhancing the ability to cope with predation risk and improve survival (Laurila & Kujasalo, 1999; Lent & Babbitt, 2020).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 56%

The presence of predators constrains larval development process by influencing critical developmental windows in the endangered Chinhai spiny newt

Zhu,

Qiu,

Chen

et al. 2024

Ecology and Evolution

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Predators significantly impact the development process and subsequently influence the metamorphic decisions of amphibian larvae. Larvae often exhibit induced growth and metamorphic plasticity in response to the presence of predators. However, growth and development rates are not always perfectly correlated, growth responses can vary throughout ontogeny. It is crucial to consider the stage‐specific growth responses induced by predators. Here, we employ a critical windows experimental design and examine development‐related growth and metamorphic responses to predators in the endangered Chinhai spiny newt (Echinotriton chinhaiensis). Our findings reveal that predators constrain the development process of spiny newt larvae and also impact survival to metamorphosis. Inducible plasticity predominantly exhibits in the early and middle stages of larval development. Our results also suggest that diverse developmental plasticity has been adopted by larvae in response to predators. The presence of predators during early stage induces larvae to exhibit a same size at metamorphosis but a prolonged time to metamorphosis, while predators present during middle stage induce larvae to exhibit a large size at metamorphosis but a same time to metamorphosis. The presence of predators at the late developmental stage does not induce any plasticity in larval growth and metamorphosis. Moreover, these results also suggest that several stages of larval development are likely critical developmental windows for spiny newt larvae. This study not only provides basic biological information on predator‐induced developmental plasticity of the endangered Chinhai spiny newt but also likely provides biological insights for the implementation of in situ conservation and preservation efforts for endangered species.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 56%

The presence of predators constrains larval development process by influencing critical developmental windows in the endangered Chinhai spiny newt

Zhu,

Qiu,

Chen

et al. 2024

Ecology and Evolution

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“…These results are in contrast to studies that vary the level of predation risk in similar environmental conditions with the same species, thereby essentially examining a dosage effect of risk. For example, positive relationships have been found for anurans (Crane and Ferrari 2017, Supekar and Gramapurohit 2020), insects (Dittmann and Schausberger 2017, Edelaar et al 2017), and fish (Kent et al 2019). Indeed, the ‘expected' positive relationships have been found for zooplankton in controlled experiments (Loose and Dawidowicz 1994) and the field (Bourdeau et al 2015).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Higher predation rate need not and did not lead to higher risk‐induced trait responses in related zooplankton species

Rafalski

Pangle

Peacor

2023

Oikos

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Predators can directly affect prey populations both through predation (consumption of prey) and risk‐induced trait responses (RITRs) that reduce predation risk but are often associated with a fitness cost. Thousands of studies make clear that RITRs (also termed anti‐predator or defensive traits) including changes in behavior, morphology, and life history, are employed by numerous taxa across diverse ecological systems, and there is large variation in their magnitude. A natural goal is to elucidate the species and circumstances for which and to what magnitude RITRs are expected. A candidate hypothesis is that prey species that experience higher mortality from a predator will exhibit a higher RITR. This hypothesis is an intuitive extension of the fact that invulnerable animals are not expected to exhibit an RITR, while vulnerable species are. We present an example that clarifies why this relationship is not always expected and when it is expected. Other factors may influence the level of the RITR leading to the possibility that a positive relationship is not expected. We elucidate this problem using a mesocosm experiment with a fish–cladoceran system in which there is large variability in the predation rate on different cladoceran species. Results not only did not show a positive relationship, but rather a negative trend between predation rate and the RITR. In fact, highly preyed upon taxa did not respond, while the least preyed upon taxa had the largest responses. These results clarify how the level of predation risk interacts with many factors to determine the RITR of prey.

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“…In contrast, a higher concentration of ATZ (100 µg L −1 ) induced shallower and narrower bodies with shallower tail muscles. Anuran larvae are known to grow bulgy bodies, deeper tail fins, and wider tail muscles in response to predators, which help them evade predator strikes or to prevent swallowing from gape‐limited predators (Ferrari et al, 2010; Kishida & Nishimura, 2004; Relyea & Auld, 2005; Supekar & Gramapurohit, 2020a, 2020b). The fitness consequences of herbicide‐induced plasticity and the mechanism of their action in manifesting these changes are not known.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Mass‐independent estimates of body and tail parameters for tadpole shape were used in LMM. For each tadpole, mass‐independent estimates were obtained by adding the estimated marginal means to saved residuals (McCoy et al, 2006; Schoeppner & Relyea, 2008, 2009; Supekar & Gramapurohit, 2020a, 2020b). Estimated marginal means were generated using multivariate analysis of covariance, using the cube root of BM as a covariate.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The transmission of information between organisms using chemical cues is an integral component of prey−predator interaction (Ferrari et al, 2010). Chemical cues are not only critical for the detection of potential predators but also crucial in providing information about the intensity of risk and its temporal variation (Lönnstedt et al, 2012; Mogali et al, 2011; Peacor et al, 2006; Supekar & Gramapurohit, 2017, 2018, 2020a, 2020b). In aquatic ecosystems, prey animals generally rely on chemical cues for recognizing their potential predators as they can diffuse rapidly, efficient in detecting predators even at night and in murky environments (Dodson et al, 1994; Ferrari et al, 2010; Mogali et al, 2012, 2015; Saidapur et al, 2009; Scherer & Smee, 2016).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Does atrazine induce changes in predator recognition, growth, morphology, and metamorphic traits of larval skipper frogs (Euphlyctis cyanophlyctis)?

Supekar¹,

Gramapurohit

2022

J Exp Zool Pt A

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Atrazine, an info disruptor, interferes with the olfaction of aquatic organisms by impairing the chemosensory system. Consequently, it affects behavior, physiology, and growth increases mortality and infections, and suppresses the immune system of aquatic animals. In this study, we wanted to determine the sensitivity of larval Euphlyctis cyanophlyctis to different concentrations of atrazine by assessing their antipredator behavior, growth, morphology, and metamorphic traits. The results indicate that exposure to atrazine did not affect the survival of tadpoles. However, it caused retarded growth at higher concentrations. Interestingly, the antipredator behavior of tadpoles toward conspecific alarm cues decreased in a dose‐dependent manner with an increase in the concentration of atrazine. Tadpoles exposed to low concentrations of atrazine had deeper, wider bodies and tails while those exposed to higher concentrations had shallower and narrower bodies with shallower tail muscles. However, at low and moderate concentrations atrazine did not affect size at metamorphosis, it extended the larval duration at higher concentrations.

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Do antipredator responses of Euphlyctis cyanophlyctis tadpoles depend on the intensity of predation risk?

Cited by 7 publications

References 87 publications

The presence of predators constrains larval development process by influencing critical developmental windows in the endangered Chinhai spiny newt

The presence of predators constrains larval development process by influencing critical developmental windows in the endangered Chinhai spiny newt

Higher predation rate need not and did not lead to higher risk‐induced trait responses in related zooplankton species

Does atrazine induce changes in predator recognition, growth, morphology, and metamorphic traits of larval skipper frogs (Euphlyctis cyanophlyctis)?

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