“…In the last decade, semantic segmentation methods based on deep convolutional neural networks (CNNs) have demonstrated outstanding results on various benchmark datasets 18 – 21 Recent supervised image classification algorithms grounded in deep learning have exhibited significant enhancements in accuracy 22 , 23 . Semantic segmentation networks featuring a symmetric encoder-decoder structure, such as UNet 24 and its improved versions, 25 are commonly employed.…”