Do Grading Gray Stimuli Help to Encode Letter Position?

Perea, Manuel; Baciero, Ana; Marcet, Ana; Fernández-López, María; Gómez, Pablo

doi:10.3390/vision5010012

Cited by 5 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…Finally, we focused on a particular characteristic when playing. It is supposed that when you have played a game several times, you can master it [62,66,67]. However, individual differences can be found with players who usually win and who typically lose.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Just Play Cognitive Modern Board and Card Games, It’s Going to Be Good for Your Executive Functions: A Randomized Controlled Trial with Children at Risk of Social Exclusion

Moya-Higueras,

Solé-Puiggené,

Vita-Barrull

et al. 2023

Children

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Modern board and card games are usually used for leisure. Few studies have focused on the type of game played in vulnerable populations. Therefore, the main aim of this study was to test the effectiveness of playing modern board and card games to enhance updating, inhibition, and flexibility in children at risk of social exclusion using games that activated specific basic executive functions. We developed a quadruple-blind randomized clinical trial during the COVID-19 pandemic. Sixty-eight participants (7–12 years old) were divided into two experimental groups: 35 children played games that directly activated basic executive functions, and 33 played games that directly triggered other cognitive domains. The primary statistical analysis consisted of mixed models. We found significant time effects in cognitive flexibility and inhibition and, to a lesser extent, in working memory in both gaming groups. We analyzed the cognitive profile of the games and found that all the games activated basic executive functions significantly, irrespective of the experimental group. Therefore, it is possible that playing any type of modern board and card game (excluding games with a high incidence of luck) could be beneficial for children at risk of social exclusion.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Just Play Cognitive Modern Board and Card Games, It’s Going to Be Good for Your Executive Functions: A Randomized Controlled Trial with Children at Risk of Social Exclusion

Moya-Higueras,

Solé-Puiggené,

Vita-Barrull

et al. 2023

Children

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“…On top of that, letter stimuli would additionally be impacted by the flexible nature of letter-specific order encoding, thus accounting for the greater transposition costs for letters compared with other kinds of familiar visual stimuli. Evidence for a perceptual locus for transposed-letter effects [ 21 , 23 , 37 ] does not counter this approach, given that our model includes both a perceptual (location-specific) and an orthographic (location-invariant) locus of such effects (see Fig 1 ). The key characteristic of our approach is that transposed-character effects in same-different matching are driven by both perceptual (i.e., location-specific processing–the 1 st level in Fig 1 ), and higher-level location-invariant processing of order information (the 2 nd level in Fig 1 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Effects of horizontal displacement and inter-character spacing on transposed-character effects in same-different matching

Massol

Grainger

2022

PLoS ONE

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In two same-different matching experiments we investigated whether transposed-character effects can be modulated by the horizontal displacement or inter-character spacing of target stimuli (strings of 6 consonants, digits, or symbols). Reference and target stimuli could be identical or differed either by transposing or substituting two characters. Transposition costs (greater difficulty in detecting a difference with transpositions compared with substitutions) were greater for letter stimuli compared to both digit and symbol stimuli in both experiments. In Experiment 1, half of the targets were displayed at the center of the screen and the other half were shifted by two character-positions to the left or to the right, whereas the reference was always presented at the center of the screen. Target displacement made the task harder and caused an increase in transposition costs whatever the type of stimulus. In Experiment 2, all stimuli were presented at the center of the screen and the inter-character spacing of target stimuli was increased by one character space on half of the trials. Increased spacing made the task harder and paradoxically caused an increase in transposition costs, but only significantly so for letter stimuli, and only in the discriminability (d’) measure. These results suggest that target location and inter-character spacing manipulations caused an increase in positional uncertainty during the processing of location-specific complex features prior to activation of a location-invariant representation of character-in-string order. The hypothesized existence of a letter-specific order encoding mechanism accounts for the greater transposition costs seen with letter stimuli, as well as the greater modulation of these effects by an increase in inter-character spacing seen in discriminability (d’).

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“…Letter transposition effects have been observed for both adjacent and nonadjacent letter transpositions (one or more intervening letters between the transposed letters; Acha & Perea, 2008; Johnson, 2007; Lupker et al, 2008; Marcet et al, 2019; Perea & Carreiras, 2006a, 2006b, 2008; Perea et al, 2008; Perea & Estevez, 2008; Perea & Fraga, 2006; Perea & Lupker, 2004; Perea et al, 2016; Winskel & Perea, 2013). To examine the flexibility of letter position coding in Latin scripts, some studies have shown that the within-word distance between transposed letters affects the size of TL effects.…”

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confidence: 99%

The effect of transposed-character distance in Chinese reading.

Zhou¹,

Bao²,

Liu³

et al. 2023

Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cogni

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Previous research in alphabetic languages has shown that both position (external, internal) and distance (adjacent, nonadjacent) modulate letter position encoding during reading. To examine the generality of this pattern for a comprehensive model of word recognition and reading, we examined these effects during Chinese reading (i.e., an unspaced logographic language). Participants in two experiments read intact sentences and sentences containing transposed-character nonwords while their eye movements were monitored. Experiment 1 manipulated the distance between the transposed characters (adjacent vs. nonadjacent) within three-character words. Reading times were longer when nonadjacent characters were transposed compared with adjacent characters. Also, for adjacent character transpositions, a wordbeginning character transposition led to longer reading times than a word-ending character transposition. Experiment 2 manipulated orthogonally character transposition distance (adjacent vs. nonadjacent) and position within four-character words, including the beginning versus the last character. Reading times were longer when the transposition involves the first character than when involves the ending character. Fixation durations on the target regions in the nonadjacent character transposition condition were longer than those in the adjacent character transposition condition. Taken together, these results reveal robust effects of both the initial character position and transposed-character distance in Chinese reading. Thus, the privileged status of the initial character is intrinsically related to how we access lexical information.

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Do Grading Gray Stimuli Help to Encode Letter Position?

Cited by 5 publications

References 20 publications

Just Play Cognitive Modern Board and Card Games, It’s Going to Be Good for Your Executive Functions: A Randomized Controlled Trial with Children at Risk of Social Exclusion

Just Play Cognitive Modern Board and Card Games, It’s Going to Be Good for Your Executive Functions: A Randomized Controlled Trial with Children at Risk of Social Exclusion

Effects of horizontal displacement and inter-character spacing on transposed-character effects in same-different matching

The effect of transposed-character distance in Chinese reading.

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