This literature review assesses indicators derived from social media sources, including both general and academic sites. Such indicators have been termed altmetrics, influmetrics, social media metrics, or a type of webometric, and have recently been commercialised by a number of companies and employed by some publishers and university administrators. The social media metrics analysed here derive mainly from Twitter, Facebook, Google+, F1000, Mendeley, ResearchGate, and Academia. edu. They have the apparent potential to deliver fast, free indicators of the wider societal impact of research, or of different types of academic impacts, complementing academic impact indicators from traditional citation indexes. Although it is unwise to employ them in formal evaluations with stakeholders, due to their susceptibility to gaming and lack of real evidence that they reflect wider research impacts, they are useful for formative evaluations and to investigate science itself. Mendeley reader counts are particularly promising.
KeywordsAltmetrics; Alternative metrics; Alternative indicators; Citation analysis; Web indicators; Webometrics; Scientometrics; Social media metrics; Twitter; Mendeley.
ResumenEsta revisión bibliográfica evalúa indicadores derivados de medios sociales, tanto generales como académicos. Tales indicadores han sido llamados, influmétricos, altmétricos, métricas de medios sociales, o tipo de webmetría. Recientemente los han comercializado algunas empresas y los emplean algunos editores y administradores universitarios. Las métricas de medios sociales analizados aquí se derivan principalmente de Twitter, Facebook, Google+, F1000, Mendeley, ResearchGate y Academia.edu. Tienen el aparente potencial de ofrecer indicadores rápidos y gratuitos del impacto social de la investigación, o de impactos académicos de un tipo diferente, que complementan los indicadores obtenidos de los tradicionales índices de citas. Aunque no es prudente emplearlos en las evaluaciones formales de personas e instituciones, debido a que pueden ser falseados fácilmente y a la falta de evidencia real de que reflejen fielmente el impacto de la investigación en Manuscript