“…Yet other studies find no evidence that option compensation affects stock return volatility or induces risky financing and investment policies, such as lower cash holdings or higher R&D expenditures (Biggerstaff, Blank & Goldie, 2019, Hayes, Lemmon & Qiu, 2012, thus putting under question the risk-incentivizing property of options. Finally, some studies argue that option compensation induces excessive risk-taking and undue focus on driving stock prices up (Cassidy, 2002, Hall & Murphy, 2003, Madrick, 2003 or choosing inefficient policies, leading, for example, to debt overhang (Dong, Wang & Xie, 2010) or overinvestment in R&D (Shen & Zhang, 2013).…”