Do scientists and fishermen collect the same size fish? Possible implications for exposure assessment

Burger, Joanna; Gochfeld, Michael; Burke, Sean; Jeitner, Christian; Jewett, Stephen C.; Snigaroff, Daniel; Snigaroff, Ronald; Stamm, Tim; Harper, Shawn; Hoberg, Max K.; Chenelot, Heloise; Patrick, Robert; Volz, Conrad D.; Weston, James

doi:10.1016/j.envres.2005.07.003

Cited by 15 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 31 publications

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“…Activation of the HPA axis and the release of GCs alter immune function by down-regulating inflammatory cytokines and up-regulating anti-inflammatory cytokines [ 39 , 40 ]. Dietary energy concentration and intake influence the immune function [ 41 ] of stressed animals. In the present study, the CORT treatment reduced the plasma IL-2 concentration.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of Corticosterone and Dietary Energy on Immune Function of Broiler Chickens

et al. 2015

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An experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of dietary energy level on the performance and immune function of stressed broiler chickens (Gallus gallus domesticus). A total of 96 three-day-old male broiler chickens (Ross × Ross) were divided into two groups. One group received a high energy (HE) diet and the other group received a low energy (LE) diet for 7 days. At 5 days of age, the chickens from each group were further divided into two sub-groups and received one of the following two treatments for 3 days: (1) subcutaneous injection of corticosterone, twice per day (CORT group; 2 mg of CORT/kg BW in corn oil) and (2) subcutaneous injection of corn oil, twice per day (Control/Sham treatment group). At 10 days of age, samples of blood, duodenum, jejunum, and ileum were obtained. Compared with the other three groups, the LE group treated with CORT had the lowest average daily gain (ADG) and the poorest feed conversion ratio (FCR, P < 0.05). Furthermore, CORT treatment decreased the relative weight (RW) of the bursa independent of the dietary energy level, but it decreased the RW of the thymus only in the chickens fed the LE diet. By contrast, CORT administration decreased the RW of the spleen only in the chickens fed the HE diet (P < 0.05). The plasma total protein, albumin, tumor necrosis factor alpha, interleukin 2 and immunoglobulin G (IgG) levels were affected by the CORT treatment (P < 0.05); however, these factors were not significantly affected by the dietary energy level. Toll-like receptor-5 mRNA level was down-regulated by CORT injection in the duodenum and ileum (P < 0.05) and showed a trend of down-regulation in the jejunum (P=0.0846). The present study showed that CORT treatment induced immunosuppressive effects on the innate immune system of broiler chickens, which were ameliorated by consumption of higher dietary energy.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of Corticosterone and Dietary Energy on Immune Function of Broiler Chickens

et al. 2015

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“…The fish were caught either from land or boat with rod and reel by Aleuts and by scientists, and also by underwater spearing by scientists. A previous study has shown that there were few differences in the types and sizes of fish collected by Aleuts and scientists [42]. The number of samples chosen for analysis was a result of selecting among the fish collected that reflect the species Aleuts consume regularly.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Levels of Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs) and Three Organochlorine Pesticides in Fish from the Aleutian Islands of Alaska

et al. 2010

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BackgroundPersistent organic pollutants (POPs), including polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and chlorinated pesticides, have been shown to have many adverse human health effects. These contaminants therefore may pose a risk to Alaska Natives that follow a traditional diet high in marine mammals and fish, in which POPs bioaccumulate.Methods and FindingsThis study examined the levels of PCBs and three pesticides [p, p′-DDE, mirex, and hexachlorobenzene (HCB)] in muscle tissue from nine fish species from several locations around the Aleutian Islands of Alaska. The highest median PCB level was found in rock sole (Lepidopsetta bilineata, 285 ppb, wet weight), while the lowest level was found in rock greenling (Hexagrammos lagocephalus, 104 ppb, wet weight). Lipid adjusted PCB values were also calculated and significant interspecies differences were found. Again, rock sole had the highest level (68,536 ppb, lipid weight). Concerning the PCB congener patterns, the more highly chlorinated congeners were most common as would be expected due to their greater persistence. Among the pesticides, p, p′-DDE generally dominated, and the highest level was found in sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka, 6.9 ppb, wet weight). The methodology developed by U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) was used to calculate risk-based consumption limits for the analyzed fish species. For cancer health endpoints for PCBs, all species would trigger strict advisories of between two and six meals per year, depending upon species. For noncancer effects by PCBs, advisories of between seven and twenty-two meals per year were triggered. None of the pesticides triggered consumption limits.ConclusionThe fish analyzed, mainly from Adak, contain significant concentrations of POPs, in particular PCBs, which raises the question whether these fish are safe to eat, particularly for sensitive populations. However when assessing any risk of the traditional diet, one must also consider the many health and cultural benefits from eating fish.

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“…Further, as scientists, we were able to compare the characteristics (i.e. size of fish) and radionuclide levels of the samples collected by Aleuts with those collected by the scientists (Burger et al, 2006c, d; unpubl. data).…”

Section: Amchitka Island and Collaborations With Aleutsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The other approach, taken by the CRESP Amchitka project, was to make dissemination an integral part of the process, not just the ending of the project. The Aleuts on the expedition were full members of the scientific team, and thus they were co-authors on papers in the scientific literature, the usual method of communication (Burger et al, 2006c, 2007c, e, g, h, 2008). Dissemination included providing information on the web and to newspapers, making the report available to anyone (in hard copy and CDs), and holding public meetings in Anchorage, in the APIA offices, in Homer (site of US Fish & Wildlife Service), and in Aleut villages.…”

Section: Amchitka Island and Collaborations With Aleutsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Collaboration versus communication: The Department of Energy's Amchitka Island and the Aleut Community

Burger

Gochfeld

Pletnikoff

2009

Environmental Research

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Increasingly managers and scientists are recognizing that solving environmental problems requires the inclusion of a wide range of disciplines, governmental agencies, Native American tribes, and other stakeholders. Usually such inclusion involves communication at the problem-formulation phase, and at the end to report findings. This paper examines participatory research, the differences between the traditional stakeholder involvement method of communication (often one-way, at the beginning and the end), compared to full collaboration, where parties are actively involved in the scientific process. Using the Department of Energy’s (DOE) Amchitka Island in the Aleutians as a case study, we demonstrate that the inclusion of Aleut people throughout the process resulted in science that was relevant not only to the agency’s needs and to the interested and affected parties, but that led to a solution. Amchitka Island was the site of three underground nuclear tests from 1965 to 1971, and virtually no testing of radionuclide levels in biota, subsistence foods, or commercial fish was conducted after the 1970s. When DOE announced plans to close Amchitka, terminating its managerial responsibility, without any further testing of radionuclide levels in biota, there was considerable controversy, which resulted in the development of a Science Plan to assess the potential risks to the marine environment from the tests. The Consortium for Risk Evaluation with Stakeholder Participation (CRESP) was the principle entity that developed and executed the science plan. Unlike traditional science, CRESP embarked on a process to include the Alaskan Natives of the Aleutian Islands (Aleuts), relevant state and federal agencies, and other stakeholders at every phase. Aleuts were included in the problem-formulation, research design refinement, the research, analysis of data, dissemination of research findings, and public communication. This led to agreement with the results, and to developing a path forward (production of a biomonitoring plan designed to provide early warning of any future radionuclide leakage and ecosystem/human health risks). The process outlined was successful in resolving a previously contentious situation by inclusion and collaboration with the Aleuts, among others, and could be usefully applied elsewhere to complex environmental problems where severe data gaps exist.

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Do scientists and fishermen collect the same size fish? Possible implications for exposure assessment

Cited by 15 publications

References 31 publications

Effects of Corticosterone and Dietary Energy on Immune Function of Broiler Chickens

Effects of Corticosterone and Dietary Energy on Immune Function of Broiler Chickens

Levels of Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs) and Three Organochlorine Pesticides in Fish from the Aleutian Islands of Alaska

Collaboration versus communication: The Department of Energy's Amchitka Island and the Aleut Community

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