Do Shrinking Cities Allow Redevelopment Without Displacement? An Analysis of Affordability Based on Housing and Transportation Costs for Redeveloping, Declining, and Stable Neighborhoods

Tighe, J. Rosie; Ganning, Joanna

doi:10.1080/10511482.2015.1085426

Cited by 28 publications

(21 citation statements)

References 34 publications

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“…Finally, several scholars who have used the LAI in research note concern regarding the margin of error (MOE) in American Community Survey (ACS) data, especially at the block group level (Acevedo-Garcia et al, 2016;Haas, Newmark, & Morrison, 2016;Tighe & Ganning, 2016;Walter & Wang, 2016). With the exception of Haas et al (2016), external review of the LAI on the grounds of statistical reliability or validity has gone no further than this.…”

Section: Literature Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Our results suggest that households in declining neighborhoods, as compared to stable or redeveloping neighborhoods, face the greatest H + T affordability challenges in shrinking cities, according to LAI data. Furthermore, in declining neighborhoods, virtually all of the additional affordability challenges encountered can be accounted for by differences in transportation affordability rather than housing (Tighe & Ganning, 2016).…”

Section: Approachmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Following the presentation of survey results, this chapter explores potential alternatives and produces recommendations for policymakers and urban planners to better serve low-income households through transportation policy interventions in shrinking cities. While some of these strategies could be reflected better in the existing LAI model, this research is specific to the very low income, not to shrinking cities, and does not leverage the very recent research finding that residents of declining neighborhoods are sometimes able to access transportation resources in nearby neighborhoods as a coping strategy (Tighe & Ganning, 2016).…”

Section: Approachmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In previous work (Tighe & Ganning, 2016), we identified neighborhood types. To measure change in neighborhoods, we created a Redevelopment Index, which is the average of the standardized values of population change (2000)(2001)(2002)(2003)(2004)(2005)(2006)(2007)(2008)(2009)(2010) and employment change (2002)(2003)(2004)(2005)(2006)(2007)(2008)(2009)(2010) at the block group level.…”

Section: Approachmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Shrinking cities differ from their growing counterparts in a number of ways, particularly in terms of policy approaches and available tools in the areas of housing and transportation (Dewar & Thomas, 2012;Hoornbeek & Schwartz, 2009;Mallach, 2010;Tighe & Ganning, 2016). In terms of transportation policy, shrinking cities also face challenges that differ from other metropolitan areas.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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What Do We Know About Location Affordability in U.S. Shrinking Cities?

Ganning¹,

Tighe²

2017

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In late 2013, the Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) launched the Location Affordability Index (LAI) portal. Their dataset uses models to estimate typical amount households spend on housing and transportation at the block group level, and calculates "H + T Affordability," the percent of household income spent on these items. In our previous research, we analyzed 81 shrinking cities to determine how location affordability differs across various neighborhoods. Our results suggest that households in declining neighborhoods, as compared to stable or redeveloping neighborhoods, face the greatest H + T affordability challenges in shrinking cities. Furthermore, in declining neighborhoods, virtually all of the additional affordability challenges encountered can be accounted for by differences in transportation affordability rather than housing. Since there is virtually no research to either validate or suggest bias in the LAI data, and a declining neighborhood in a shrinking city presents both a relatively common yet entirely dissimilar context to the norm, we feel that this data should be carefully calibrated to, and tested for, this setting to ensure that appropriate and efficient policy follow.In this report, we present the results of two research phases: a strictly quantitative first stage in which the LAI is disassembled and reassembled, taking stock of assumptions, methods, and accuracy. This work finds that the LAI generally over-estimates housing costs, but more for renters and more in metropolitan areas. Estimations of transportation cost burdens are built largely from unreliable data and using models which cannot be replicated, leading us to conclude that these cost burden estimates may not be reliable. In the second research phase, which is survey-based, we gather household-level data from 12 Census tracts in Cleveland, Ohio, to estimate household housing and transportation costs and cost burdens and gain a clearer sense of budget trade-offs where costs are unaffordable. The survey results support the first research stage. The LAI over-estimates housing costs for these neighborhoods by approximately 17% and transportation costs by approximately 126%, meaning the LAI estimates for transportation are not reliable. By and large, households trade essentials, investing, and paying bills (at all or in full) to cover their costs in housing and transportation.17.

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Section: Literature Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Approachmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Approachmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Approachmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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What Do We Know About Location Affordability in U.S. Shrinking Cities?

Ganning¹,

Tighe²

2017

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Improvement of Geographic Disparities: Amelioration or Displacement?

et al. 2017

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Progression of geographic disparities in social determinants of health is a global concern. Using an Urban Health Index (UHI) approach, we proposed a framework of examining the change of geographic disparities in social determinants in small areas. Using the City of Atlanta in Georgia (USA) as a case study, we standardized six census-based social determinant indicators in 2000 and in 2010, respectively, and calculated their geometric mean to assign each census tract a UHI value for 2000 and for 2010. We then evaluated the temporal change of the UHIs in relation to the demographic changes using spatial and statistical methods. We found that Atlanta experienced an improvement in social determinant status and a reduction of disparities in the 10 years. The areas that experienced improvement, however, underwent demographic changes as well. This analysis provides support for displacement, rather than improvement, as the underlying factor for apparent change in geographic disparities. Findings suggest the importance of local evaluation for future policies to reduce disparities in cities.

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Inclusive Transport

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Do Shrinking Cities Allow Redevelopment Without Displacement? An Analysis of Affordability Based on Housing and Transportation Costs for Redeveloping, Declining, and Stable Neighborhoods

Cited by 28 publications

References 34 publications

What Do We Know About Location Affordability in U.S. Shrinking Cities?

What Do We Know About Location Affordability in U.S. Shrinking Cities?

Improvement of Geographic Disparities: Amelioration or Displacement?

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