Do we map remembrances to the left/back and expectations to the right/front of a mental timeline? Space–time congruency effects with retrospective and prospective verbs

Maienborn, Claudia; Alex-Ruf, Simone; Eikmeier, Verena; Ulrich, Rolf

doi:10.1016/j.actpsy.2014.11.006

Cited by 14 publications

(25 citation statements)

References 27 publications

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“…The results of the level time is task irrelevant suggest a systematic variation of the effect size depending on the type of temporal stimuli: Single sentences (e.g., The witness remembers the pistol‐shot, Maienborn et al., ) and discourses with small time shifts (e.g., Jackie is taking a painting class; Tomorrow, she will learn about paintbrushes […], Sell & Kaschak, ) show no effect, whereas discourses with large time shifts (e.g., Jackie is taking a painting class; Next month, she will learn about paintbrushes […], Sell & Kaschak, ) yield an ample effect. Hence, whether or not the mental timeline is activated automatically seems to depend on whether or not the temporal order information can be processed without using the mental timeline as part of the build‐up of a situation model (Scheifele et al., ).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…There is yet an alternative explanation for the dispersal of the level time is task irrelevant : The discrepant results of its additional subdivision reflect the current discussion about the automatic activation of the mental timeline (Scheifele et al., ). Most studies fail to find a space–time congruency effect when time is not a relevant response dimension (Maienborn et al., ; Ulrich & Maienborn, ; Ulrich et al., ). However, Sell and Kaschak () reported an automatically activated mental timeline for discourses containing large time shifts.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, the space–time congruency effect is not corroborated uniformly by all studies. More precisely, in the majority of experiments, in which the concept of time is not focussed by the task, no facilitation of responses in the congruent space–time mapping has been observed (Maienborn, Alex‐Ruf, Eikmeier, & Ulrich, ; Sell & Kaschak, ; Ulrich & Maienborn, ; Ulrich et al., ). This raises questions regarding the depth of the process that causes the space–time congruency effect.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Instead of automatic sensorimotor activation, it might be a facilitated memory access that elicits the congruency effect. According to this memory access account, spatial locations that are associated with past and future work as cues for performing the RT task, when the task explicitly asks participants to respond to the temporal reference of an expression (Maienborn et al., ). Thus, the congruent mapping might simply be remembered more easily than the incongruent space–time mapping.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Space–Time Congruency Effect: A Meta‐Analysis

et al. 2019

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Several reaction time (RT) studies report faster responses when responses to temporal information are arranged in a spatially congruent manner than when this arrangement is incongruent. The resulting space–time congruency effect is commonly attributed to a culturally salient localization of temporal information along a mental timeline (e.g., a mental timeline that runs from left to right). The present study aims to provide a compilation of the published RT studies on this time–space association in order to estimate the size of its effect and the extent of potential publication bias in this field of research. In this meta‐analysis, three types of task are distinguished due to hitherto existing empirical findings. These findings suggest that the extent to which time is made relevant to the experimental task has a systematic impact on whether or not the mental timeline is activated. The results of this meta‐analysis corroborate these considerations: First, experiments that make time a task‐relevant dimension have a mean effect size of d = 0.46. Second, in experiments in which time is task irrelevant, the effect size does not significantly deviate from zero. Third, temporal priming studies have a surprisingly high mean effect size of d = 0.47, which, however, should be adjusted to d = 0.36 due to publication bias.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Space–Time Congruency Effect: A Meta‐Analysis

et al. 2019

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“…Furthermore, a more general account of spatially organized knowledge representations suggests that spatial-conceptual mappings should not be limited to the number domain. Indeed, similar lateral biases were found in concepts denoting time (Hartmann & Mast, 2012;Ishihara, Keller, Rossetti, & Prinz, 2008;Maienborn, Alex-Ruf, Eikmeier, & Ulrich, 2015), music and sound (Dormal, Dormal, Joassin, & Pesenti, 2012;Marghetis, Walker, Bergen, & N uñez, 2011;Rusconi, Kwan, Giordano, Umilta, & Butterworth, 2006;Xuan, Zhang, He, & Chen, 2007), and political preferences (Sellaro, Hommel, de Kwaadsteniet, van de Groep, & Colzato, 2014). One theory that offers a detailed overview of a potential neuro-cognitive mechanism supporting such spatial-conceptual features of concept representations is A Theory of Magnitude (ATOM; Walsh, 2003Walsh, , 2015.…”

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confidence: 88%

Random word generation reveals spatial encoding of syllabic word length

Myachykov

Chapman

Beal

et al. 2019

British J of Psychology

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Existing random number generation studies demonstrate the presence of an embodied attentional bias in spontaneous number production corresponding to the horizontal Mental Number Line: Larger numbers are produced on right‐hand turns and smaller numbers on left‐hand turns (Loetscher et al.,2008, Curr. Biol., 18, R60). Furthermore, other concepts were also shown to rely on horizontal attentional displacement (Di Bono and Zorzi, 2013, Quart. J. Exp. Psychol., 66, 2348). In two experiments, we used a novel random word generation paradigm combined with two different ways to orient attention in horizontal space: Participants randomly generated words on left and right head turns (Experiment 1) or following left and right key presses (Experiment 2). In both studies, syllabically longer words were generated on right‐hand head turns and following right key strokes. Importantly, variables related to semantic magnitude or cardinality (whether the generated words were plural‐marked, referred to uncountable concepts, or were associated with largeness) were not affected by lateral manipulations. We discuss our data in terms of the ATOM (Walsh, 2015, The Oxford handbook of numerical cognition, 552) which suggests a general magnitude mechanism shared by different conceptual domains.

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Influence of Manner Adverbs on Action Verb Processing

Sieksmeyer

Klepp

Niccolai

et al. 2021

Language, Cognition, and Mind

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Language-motor interaction is suggested by the involvement of motor areas in action-related language processing. In a double-dissociation paradigm we aimed to investigate motor cortical involvement in the processing of hand- and foot-related action verbs combined with manner adverbs. In two experiments using different tasks, subjects were instructed to respond with their hand or foot following the presentation of an adverb-verb combination. Experiment 1, which prompted reactions via color changes of the stimuli combined with a semantic decision, showed an influence of manner adverbs on response times. This was visible in faster responses following intensifying adverbs compared with attenuating adverbs. Additionally, an interaction between implied verb effector and response effector manifested in faster response times for matching verb-response conditions. Experiment 2, which prompted reactions directly by the adverb type (intensifying vs. attenuating), revealed an interaction between manner adverbs and response effector with faster hand responses following intensifying compared with attenuating adverbs. Additional electroencephalography (EEG) recordings in Experiment 2 revealed reduced beta-desynchronization for congruent verb-response conditions in the case of foot responses along with faster response times. Yet, a direct modulation of verb-motor priming by adverbs was not found. Taken together, our results indicate an influence of manner adverbs on the interplay of language processing and motor behavior. Results are discussed with respect to embodied cognition theories.

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Do we map remembrances to the left/back and expectations to the right/front of a mental timeline? Space–time congruency effects with retrospective and prospective verbs

Cited by 14 publications

References 27 publications

The Space–Time Congruency Effect: A Meta‐Analysis

The Space–Time Congruency Effect: A Meta‐Analysis

Random word generation reveals spatial encoding of syllabic word length

Influence of Manner Adverbs on Action Verb Processing

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