Do white spruce epicuticular wax monoterpenes follow foliar patterns?

Despland, Emma; Bourdier, Thomas; Dion, Emilie; Bauce, Éric

doi:10.1139/cjfr-2016-0056

Cited by 9 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 39 publications

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“…Earlier, no variations were found in the monoterpene storage composition between different age classes or between seasons in the case of mature Scots pine needles (Thoss et al, 2007). Some monoterpenes may also accumulate in needle surface waxes (Joensuu et al, 2016;Despland et al, 2016). However, needle wax is probably a rather shortterm monoterpene storage and may not have a major impact on the incident emission rates, at least for the main emitted compounds.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 94%

Long-term dynamics of monoterpene synthase activities, monoterpene storage pools and emissions in boreal Scots pine

et al. 2018

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Abstract. Seasonal variations in monoterpene emissions from Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris) are well documented, and emissions are often shown to follow the incident temperatures due to effects on compound volatility. Recent studies have indicated a link between monoterpene emissions and physiological drivers such as photosynthetic capacity during needle development. The complex interplay between the dynamic changes in the biosynthetic capacity to produce monoterpenes and the temperature-dependent evaporation process of volatiles from internal storage reservoirs has not yet been studied under field conditions. In this study, we analysed the relationships between needle monoterpene synthase activities, endogenous monoterpene storage pools and monoterpene emissions of needles in two consecutive years at a boreal forest site in Finland. The results showed changes in the monoterpene synthase activity of needles, linked to seasonality and needle ontogenesis, while the pool of stored monoterpenes (about 0.5 % of dry weight) did not change considerably as a function of needle aging. Monoterpene emissions did not correlate directly with enzyme activity or the storage pool size. We observed notably high plant-to-plant variation in the biosynthesis rates of individual monoterpenes, which did not reflect the storage compound mixture. The enzyme activity producing δ-3-carene was only present in the first months after needle flushing, and decreased with needle age, whereas δ-3-carene was abundant in the endogenous monoterpene pool and dominated the needle emissions. This study emphasizes the seasonal, developmental and intraspecific variability of monoterpene biosynthesis and storage, and calls for more in-depth analyses to reveal how such complex interaction affects monoterpene emissions from pine needles in boreal forests.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 94%

Long-term dynamics of monoterpene synthase activities, monoterpene storage pools and emissions in boreal Scots pine

et al. 2018

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“…A few studies have characterized the time course of monoterpene foliar pools: white spruce foliar monoterpenes increased over the growing season in a warm, dry year but stayed low in a cooler, wetter year [ 47 ]. A similar seasonal increase has previously been observed in white spruce [ 48 ] and other conifers [ 45 ].…”

Section: Literature Review On Phenology Of Spruce Defensive Traitsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Defensive Traits during White Spruce (Picea glauca) Leaf Ontogeny

Lirette

Despland

2021

Insects

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Changes during leaf ontogeny affect palatability to herbivores, such that many insects, including the eastern spruce budworm (Choristoneura fumiferana (Clem.)), are specialist feeders on growing conifer leaves and buds. Developmental constraints imply lower toughness in developing foliage, and optimal defense theory predicts higher investment in chemical defense in these vulnerable yet valuable developing leaves. We summarize the literature on the time course of defensive compounds in developing white spruce (Picea glauca (Moench) Voss) needles and report original research findings on the ontogeny of white spruce needle toughness. Our results show the predicted pattern of buds decreasing in toughness followed by leaves increasing in toughness during expansion, accompanied by opposite trends in water content. Toughness of mature foliage decreased slightly during the growing season, with no significant relationship with water content. Toughness of sun-grown leaves was slightly higher than that of shade-grown leaves. However, the literature review did not support the expected pattern of higher defensive compounds in expanding leaves than in mature leaves, suggesting that white spruce might instead exhibit a fast-growth low-defense strategy.

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“…Whether SBW has adapted its behavior to select foliage with lower levels of secondary metabolites remains unknown, but its preference for new foliage may increase its fitness as lower levels of maltol are found in current‐year foliage. Constitutive production of some conifer foliar secondary metabolites, including monoterpenes and acetophenones, varies from year to year and throughout a season, and is influenced by factors such as tree age, foliage age, and environmental conditions (Bauce et al, ; Kumbasli et al, ; Despland et al, ; Mageroy et al, ; Parent et al, ). The phenological mismatch between foliage development in the spring and early‐instar emergence could potentially expose larvae to higher concentrations of toxic secondary metabolites and impact early‐instar survival rates.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evidence of a direct chemical plant defense role for maltol against spruce budworm

Williams

Eveleigh

Forbes

et al. 2019

Entomologia Exp Applicata

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This study examines the direct chemical defensive role of maltol, a previously identified secondary metabolite found in balsam fir, Abies balsamea (L.) Mill. (Pinaceae), that was detected during herbivory of spruce budworm, Choristoneura fumiferana (Clemens) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). Although used extensively in many industries, in addition to being found in multiple plant species, its functional role in plants remains unknown. The objectives of this study were to quantify the amount of free maltol and its potential conjugated form, maltol glucoside, in various foliage age classes and to evaluate whether constitutive foliage levels of maltol have an impact on spruce budworm fitness in maltol supplementation assays. Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC‐MS) analysis of balsam fir foliage showed that maltol is produced in all foliage age classes tested; however, concentrations were significantly higher in older foliage. Liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry–mass spectrometry (LC‐MS‐MS) analysis showed that maltol also exists in balsam fir in its glucosylated form, a unique discovery in conifers. Similar to maltol, maltol glucoside is also present in current and 1‐year‐old balsam fir foliage and in significantly higher concentration in older foliage. We investigated the impact of maltol‐treated diet on spruce budworm fitness. Maltol additions that reflected constitutive foliage concentrations caused a significant reduction in larval development rate and pupal mass, whereas higher concentrations were required to cause significant mortality. These results suggest that maltol may be an important component of a direct defense strategy in balsam fir against spruce budworm herbivory.

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Do white spruce epicuticular wax monoterpenes follow foliar patterns?

Cited by 9 publications

References 39 publications

Long-term dynamics of monoterpene synthase activities, monoterpene storage pools and emissions in boreal Scots pine

Long-term dynamics of monoterpene synthase activities, monoterpene storage pools and emissions in boreal Scots pine

Defensive Traits during White Spruce (Picea glauca) Leaf Ontogeny

Evidence of a direct chemical plant defense role for maltol against spruce budworm

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