Do You See What I See: Recognition of Protozoan Parasites by Toll-Like Receptors

Ghosh, Debopam; Stumhofer, Jason S.

doi:10.2174/1573395509666131203225929

Cited by 27 publications

(26 citation statements)

References 139 publications

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“…As TLRs have been shown to be involved in innate sensing of Plasmodium (53, 54), we sought to determine if the parasite itself has any effect on expansion and differentiation of splenic LSK − cells. Utilizing the OP9 stromal cell co-culture assay described previously, LSK − cells were sorted from the spleen of naïve and P. yoelii 17X infected mice, with CLPs and LSK − cells sorted from the bone marrow of naïve mice, serving as controls once again.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Real time quantitative PCR was used to determine if LSK − cells express Tlr genes, including TLR2, TLR4, TLR7 and TLR9, TLRs that have been implicated in the immune response against Plasmodium (53, 54). Transcripts for TLR4, TLR7 and TLR9, but not TLR2, were found to be present in splenic LSK − cells from naïve and P. yoelii 17X infected mice (Fig.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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An Atypical Splenic B Cell Progenitor Population Supports Antibody Production during Plasmodium Infection in Mice

Ghosh

Wikenheiser

Kennedy

et al. 2016

The Journal of Immunology

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Hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs) function to replenish the immune cell repertoire under steady-state conditions, and in response to inflammation due to infection or stress. While the bone marrow serves as the primary niche for hematopoiesis, extramedullary mobilization and differentiation of HSPCs occurs in the spleen during acute Plasmodium infection –n a critical step in the host immune response. Here, we identified an atypical HSPC population in the spleen of C57BL/6 mice, with a Lineage−Sca-1+c-kit− (LSK−) phenotype that proliferates in response to infection with non-lethal Plasmodium yoelii 17X. Infection-derived LSK− cells upon transfer into naïve congenic mice were found to differentiate predominantly into mature follicular B cells. However, when transferred into infection-matched hosts, infection-derived LSK− cells gave rise to B cells capable of entering into a germinal center reaction, and developed into memory B cells and antibody-secreting cells that were capable of producing parasite-specific antibodies. Differentiation of LSK− cells into B cells in vitro was enhanced in the presence of parasitized RBC lysate, suggesting that LSK− cells expand and differentiate in direct response to the parasite. However, the ability of LSK− cells to differentiate into B cells was not dependent on MyD88 as myd88−/− LSK− cell expansion and differentiation remained unaffected after Plasmodium infection. Collectively, these data identify a population of atypical lymphoid progenitors that differentiate into B-lymphocytes in the spleen, and are capable of contributing to the ongoing humoral immune response against Plasmodium infection.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

An Atypical Splenic B Cell Progenitor Population Supports Antibody Production during Plasmodium Infection in Mice

Ghosh

Wikenheiser

Kennedy

et al. 2016

The Journal of Immunology

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“…3,4,42 The cell-surface receptor TLR2, dimerized with TLR1 or TLR6, recognizes lipoproteins and lipopeptides of the cell wall of Gram-positive bacteria, 43 as well as a diversity of molecules derived from Gram-negative bacteria, 44 fungi, 3,45 and protozoa. 46,47 To assess the ability of PM from Quito to activate the TLR2 signaling pathway, we stimulated TLR2-expressing luciferase reporter cells with PM 10 particles. Samples from all monitoring stations activated the TLR2 signaling pathway (Figure 1), with the most notable activation coming from samples from the periurban stations of Los Chillos and Tababela.…”

Section: Airborne Course Particulate Matter Activates Tlr2mentioning

confidence: 99%

Particulate matter air pollution from the city of Quito, Ecuador, activates inflammatory signaling pathways in vitro

2017

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Automobile traffic, industrial processes and natural phenomena cause notable air pollution, including gaseous and particulate contaminants, in urban centers. Exposure to particulate matter (PM) air pollution affects human health, and has been linked to respiratory, cardiovascular and neurological diseases. The mechanisms underlying inflammation in these diverse diseases, and to what extent health effects are different for PM obtained from different sources or locations, are still unclear. This study investigated the in vitro toxicity of ambient course (PM) and fine (PM) particulate matter collected at seven sites in the urban and periurban zones of Quito, Ecuador. Material from all sites was capable of activating TLR2 and TLR4 signaling pathways, with differences in the activation related to particle size. Additionally, airborne particulate matter from Quito is an effective activator of the NLRP3 inflammasome.

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“…; and epithelial cells, endothelial cells, and fibroblasts (nonimmune cells). TLRs are responsible for activating the innate immune response [44]. The ligands of the TLRs, known as pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs), are highly conserved microbial molecules or harmful endogenous factors [damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs)].…”

Section: Cells (Innate Immune Cells); B and T Lymphocytes (Cells Of Tmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…TLR9 is another important B cell-TLR, which is expressed in the endoplasmic reticulum and is recruited to endosomal/lysosomal compartments after stimulation with CpG DNAs, activating the MyD88 pathway without TIRAP, culminating in NF-κB activation, and resulting in the production of proinflammatory cytokines [45]. TLRs are classified based on their localization as cell surface TLRs (TLR1, TLR2, TLR4, TLR5, TLR6, and TLR10) or intracellular TLRs (TLR3, TLR7, TLR8, TLR9, TLR11, TLR12, and TLR13); on humans 10 members of the TLR family have been described, while murine cells express 13 TLRs [44]. B lymphocytes express ten types of TLR (TLR1-10) [46][47][48]; their expression depends on B-cell tissue localization and the stage of B-cell activation.…”

Section: Cells (Innate Immune Cells); B and T Lymphocytes (Cells Of Tmentioning

confidence: 99%

B Lymphocyte as a Target of Bacterial Infections

Castañeda‐Sánchez¹,

Duarte²,

Domínguez-López³

et al. 2017

Lymphocyte Updates - Cancer, Autoimmunity and Infection

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B lymphocytes are central players in the immune response; canonically, they have been recognized as precursors of antibody-producing cells: plasma cells. Recent findings have shown that the role of B lymphocytes goes far beyond the production of antibodies. There are different subtypes of B lymphocytes with different participations in innate and adaptive responses that include the recognition of the antigen, its processing, and its presentation to T lymphocytes, as well as the production of cytokines that impact and modulate the response toward the pathogen. Traditionally, it has been considered that B lymphocytes do not have phagocytic abilities that allow them to internalize, to process, or even to be infected by bacterial pathogens. The new information has shown that B lymphocytes can be readily infected by bacterial pathogens like Salmonella, Francisella, Moraxella, and Mycobacterium, among others, and respond to those infections. Some of the recent advances on these topics will be presented in this chapter.use of radioactive labels, it was demonstrated that circulating lymphocytes stimulated with antigen were the precursors of antibody-producing cells [15,16], and by the year 1969, the two populations of lymphocytes were identified as T lymphocytes for those thymic-dependent, and those thymic-independent (bursa-equivalent) were referred as B lymphocytes [17].Afterward, it was established in non-avian experimental models that a cooperative response of both lymphocyte species (T and B) was necessary for specific antibody production [18];these observations prompted a large number of studies that recognized the complexity of T-B cooperation, resulting in specific responses to the antigen, including the production of specific high-affinity antibodies [19]. B lymphocytes: a bridge between innate and adaptive immune responsesIt is now known that there are several types of B lymphocytes [20] and that B2 lymphocytes produce specific antibodies during the adaptive response [21]. On the other side, there are also natural antibodies of IgM class mainly [22]; unlike the adaptive antibodies, the natural Lymphocyte Updates -Cancer, Autoimmunity and Infection 150 B Lymphocyte as a Target of Bacterial Infections

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Do You See What I See: Recognition of Protozoan Parasites by Toll-Like Receptors

Cited by 27 publications

References 139 publications

An Atypical Splenic B Cell Progenitor Population Supports Antibody Production during Plasmodium Infection in Mice

An Atypical Splenic B Cell Progenitor Population Supports Antibody Production during Plasmodium Infection in Mice

Particulate matter air pollution from the city of Quito, Ecuador, activates inflammatory signaling pathways in vitro

B Lymphocyte as a Target of Bacterial Infections

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