Documenting the Epidemiologic Patterns of Polyomaviruses in Human Populations by Studying Their Presence in Urban Sewage

Bofill-Mas, Sı́lvia; Pina, Sonia; Gironés, Rosina

doi:10.1128/aem.66.1.238-245.2000

Cited by 243 publications

(175 citation statements)

References 34 publications

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“…The absence of detectable SV40 in sewage from Spain and elsewhere, when BKV and JCV can be found readily, also argues against ongoing transmission of SV40 in humans. 3 We are aware of no published data to support the claim by Vilchez and Butel that "SV40 infections are occurring in children and adult populations today. "…”

Section: Dear Sirmentioning

confidence: 53%

Lack of serological evidence for an association between simian virus 40 and lymphoma

Sanjosé

Shah

Engels

et al. 2003

Intl Journal of Cancer

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Dear Sir,We thank Vilchez and Butel for their interest in our recent report "Lack of serological evidence for an association between simian virus 40 and lymphoma." 1 Contrary to what Vilchez and Butel suggest, our report was not a "preliminary" analysis but a full completed analysis of our case-control data.The Immunization Safety Review led by the U.S. Institute of Medicine of the National Academies concluded recently that "the evidence is inadequate to accept or reject a causal relationship between SV40-containing polio vaccines and cancer" and recommended that the development of sensitive and specific serologic tests for SV40 be a primary research objective. 2 The serological assay that we used was demonstrated to be 100% sensitive and 100% specific for SV40 infection in the natural host, the rhesus macaque. The assay employed as an antigen virus-like particles (VLPs) that were formed by selfassembly of the SV40 VP1 major capsid protein. VLPs morphologically resemble authentic virions. Because viral infections induce a humoral immune response against surfaceexposed epitopes on virions, one would expect that SV40 infection in humans would elicit at least some response to the antigens used in the assay, as we clearly demonstrated in rhesus macaques. Furthermore, using identical VLP-based enzyme immunoassays for the human polyomaviruses BKV and JCV, we detected very high viral antibody titers in human sera. Indeed, our finding of low SV40 antibody titers in human sera and the demonstration that cross reactivity with BKV antibodies may account for part of the SV40 reactivity does not suggest difficulties with the assays. Rather, our results argue against the frequent presence of current SV40 infection in Spain.Regardless of the level of exposure of the Spanish population to SV40 contaminated polio vaccines, our results indicate that exposure to SV40 from routes other than vaccination is unlikely to have taken place in the Spanish population as suggested by Vilchez and Butel. The absence of detectable SV40 in sewage from Spain and elsewhere, when BKV and JCV can be found readily, also argues against ongoing transmission of SV40 in humans. 3 We are aware of no published data to support the claim by Vilchez and Butel that "SV40 infections are occurring in children and adult populations today."Vilchez and Butel use the term "confounding" incorrectly when they state that geographical differences in the use of SV40-contaminated poliovirus vaccines create varying results across studies. 4 A factor causes confounding within a study only if it is related to both the exposure (i.e., SV40) and outcome (i.e., cancer). For any given study based in a single geographical region (such as Spain in our study), all subjects, regardless of exposure or outcome status, have the same geography. Because each study thus stratifies on geography, an examination of the association between exposure and outcome within each study is entirely unconfounded. The effect of SV40 exposure on cancer risk might conceivably vary by geography through an...

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Section: Dear Sirmentioning

confidence: 53%

Lack of serological evidence for an association between simian virus 40 and lymphoma

Sanjosé

Shah

Engels

et al. 2003

Intl Journal of Cancer

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“…39 An additional target, HuPyV, was also included, based on recent research suggesting that HuPyV could be used as a reliable viral indicator of human fecal contamination. 28,[40][41][42][43][44] In this study, each type of water source was positive for a human enteric virus. The only human enteric viruses not detected in UF concentrates were EV and HEV.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of Human Enteric Viruses in Surface Water and Drinking Water Resources in Southern Ghana

Gibson¹,

Opryszko

Schissler

et al. 2011

The American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene

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Abstract. An estimated 884 million people worldwide do not have access to an improved drinking water source, and the microbial quality of these sources is often unknown. In this study, a combined tangential flow, hollow fiber ultrafiltration (UF), and real-time PCR method was applied to large volume (100 L) groundwater ( N = 4), surface water ( N = 9), and finished (i.e., receiving treatment) drinking water ( N = 6) samples for the evaluation of human enteric viruses and bacterial indicators. Human enteric viruses including norovirus GI and GII, adenovirus, and polyomavirus were detected in five different samples including one groundwater, three surface water, and one drinking water sample. Total coliforms and Escherichia coli assessed for each sample before and after UF revealed a lack of correlation between bacterial indicators and the presence of human enteric viruses.

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“…Seroepidemiological studies indicate that 70% of the human population worldwide are infected with JCV (Bofill-Mas et al, 2001;Bofill-Mas, Pina, and Girones, 2000;Gardner, 1973;Gardner et al, 1971;Hogan et al, 1980;Imperiale, 2000;Shah, Daniel, and Warszawski, 1973). The mode of virus transmission is unknown, and no clinical illness has been associated with primary infection.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Interferon β1-a and selective anti-5HT2a receptor antagonists inhibit infection of human glial cells by JC virus

O’Hara

Atwood

2008

Virus Research

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JC virus (JCV) is the causative agent of progressive multifocal leukoenchaphalopathy (PML). The disease develops when JCV gains access to the central nervous system, infects and destroys oligodendrocytes. The disease is rapidly progressing, typically fatal and no effective therapies exist to treat or prevent PML. The recent occurrence of PML in multiple sclerosis patients being treated with Avonex (IFNβ1a) and Tysabri (Natalizumab) and the recent reports linking JCV infection to the 5HT 2a serotonin receptor led us to evaluate the effects of IFNβ1-a and a panel of 5HT 2a receptor antagonists for their ability to modulate virus infection. IFNβ1-a was found to be a potent inhibitor of both virus infection and viral early and late gene expression. In addition, several 5HT 2a receptor antagonists inhibited initial infection of cells by JCV but were less effective and reducing viral loads in an already established infection.

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Documenting the Epidemiologic Patterns of Polyomaviruses in Human Populations by Studying Their Presence in Urban Sewage

Cited by 243 publications

References 34 publications

Lack of serological evidence for an association between simian virus 40 and lymphoma

Lack of serological evidence for an association between simian virus 40 and lymphoma

Evaluation of Human Enteric Viruses in Surface Water and Drinking Water Resources in Southern Ghana

Interferon β1-a and selective anti-5HT2a receptor antagonists inhibit infection of human glial cells by JC virus

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