Does Caesarean Section or Preterm Delivery Influence TGF-β2 Concentrations in Human Colostrum?

Abstract

Human colostrum (HC) is a rich source of immune mediators that play a role in immune defences of a newly born infant. The mediators include transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) which exists in three isoforms that regulate cellular homeostasis and inflammation, can induce or suppress immune responses, limit T helper 1 cells (Th1) reactions and stimulate secretory immunoglobulin A (IgA) production. Human milk TGF-β also decreases apoptosis of intestinal cells and suppresses macrophage cytokine expression. The aim of the study was to determine the concentration of TGF-β2 in HC obtained from the mothers who delivered vaginally (VD) or by caesarean section (CS), and to compare the concentrations in HC from mothers who delivered at term (TB) or preterm (PB). In this study, 56% of preterm pregnancies were delivered via CS. The concentrations of TGF-β2 were measured in HC from 299 women who delivered in the 1st Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Medical University of Warsaw: 192 (VD), 107 (CS), 251 (TB), and 48 (PB). The colostrum samples were collected within 5 days post-partum. TGF-β2 levels in HC were measured by the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) test with the Quantikine ELISA Kit-Human TGF-β2 (cat.no. SB250). Statistical significance between groups was calculated by the Student t-test using StatSoft Statistica 13 software. The mean TGF-β2 concentration in patients who delivered at term or preterm were comparable. The levels of TGF-β2 in HC were higher after preterm than term being 4648 vs. 3899 ng/mL (p = 0.1244). The delivery via CS was associated with higher HC concentrations of TGF-β2. The levels of TGF-β2 were significantly higher in HC after CS than VD (7429 vs. 5240 ng/mL; p = 0.0017). The data from this study suggest: caesarean section was associated with increased levels of TGF-β2 in HC. The increased levels of TGF-β2 in HC of women who delivered prematurely require further research. Early and exclusive breast-feeding by mothers after caesarean section and premature births with colostrum containing high TGF-β2 levels may prevent the negative impact of pathogens which often colonize the gastrointestinal tract and may reduce the risk of chronic diseases in this group of patients.

Efek Ekstrak Basah Daun Plectranthus amboinicus (L.) Terhadap Produksi Susu, Konsumsi Pakan, Pertumbuhan Bobot Badan Tikus dan Anakan

“…Namun demikian, insufisiensi atau kegagalan laktasi relatif sering terjadi pada wanita, terutama setelah operasi caesar (Li et al, 2021). Laporan terbaru menemukan bahwa rasio neutrofil-limfosit dalam darah ibu yang menjalani operasi caesar lebih tinggi daripada persalinan melalui vagina (Kociszewska-Najman et al, 2020), dan sintesis mitokondria adenosin trifosfat menurun, mengakibatkan laktasi tertunda atau insufisiensi laktasi (He & Xia, 2019). Selain itu, usia, paritas, pendidikan, status sosial ekonomi, agama, struktur keluarga, dan status ibu perkotaan dengan pedesaan juga mempengaruhi terjadinya kegagalan laktasi (Grzeskowiak et al, 2019).…”

Perinatal development of innate immune topology

“…T cell help is required to generate appropriate affinity maturation to bacterial antigens including antigens from segmented filamentous bacteria ( Kawamoto et al, 2012 ). Growth factors and cytokines such as EGF, TGF-β, or the S100 calcium binding proteins are passed from mother to infant via breast milk and modulate mucosal epithelial and immune responses ( Kociszewska-Najman et al, 2020 ). This transfer is influenced by birth mode and/or gestational age.…”

The effect of pestle acupuncture for patients with lactation insufficiency after cesarean section

“…Modern medicine found that the neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio in the blood of mothers who had cesarean section was higher than that of vaginal delivery, and the synthesis of mitochondrial adenosine triphosphate decreased, resulting in delayed lactation or lactation insufficiency. [ 6 , 7 ] Breastfeeding can provide the most suitable nutrients and adequate water for the child, regulate intestinal flora, [ 8 ] prevent infection, reduce neonatal mortality, [ 9 ] enhance brain development, reduce postpartum hemorrhage, reduce the risk of breast and ovarian cancer, reduce postpartum pain, [ 10 ] promote postpartum recovery, and emotional communication between mothers and infants. [ 11 ] The lack of breast milk has corresponding harm to both mother and baby.…”