“…We apply tools developed to the economic costs of climate change, given model uncertainty regarding the projected effects of climate change. Much research has focused on determining whether the impacts of climate change are temporary damages on the level of output, or more permanent damages on the growth rate of output (see Dell, Jones, and Olken (2012), Colacito, Hoffmann, and Phan (2018), Hsiang, Kopp, Jina, Rising, Delgado, Mohan, Rasmussen, Muir-Wood, Wilson, Oppenheimer, et al (2017), Baldauf, Garlappi, and Yannelis (2019) and Burke, Davis, and Diffenbaugh (2018) for examples focused on empirically estimating these different types of climate damages). Level effects can lead to very different choices by social planners in terms of choices about emissions and carbon mitigation in a climate economic setting compared to growth effects (see Hambel, Kraft, and Schwartz (2015) and Barnett, Brock, and Hansen (2020) for theoretical examples showing how these different types of damages can lead to very different social costs of carbon results).…”