Over the past two decades, a variety of medical and modern social conditions have been increasingly recognised as potential causes of infertility. Both patients' and caregivers' awareness of fertility preservation (FP) services in the context of medical and nonmedical indications is steadily increasing (Table 1). A dramatic improvement in the survival of patients with cancer, and other medical conditions, has been observed, primarily due to multiple treatment modalities and increased cure rates. Gonadotoxic treatments, such as chemotherapy and radiotherapy, as well as certain surgical procedures, may predispose patients to testicular failure or ejaculatory dysfunction. Cryopreservation of spermatozoa is therefore crucial for future fertility. Banking of frozen donor spermatozoa offers solutions for men with nonobstructive azoospermia and for women without reproductive partners. In rare circumstances, such as catastrophic injury, or the unexpected death of a partner, cryopreservation of epididymal and testicular spermatozoa allows the surviving partners to preserve gametes for future offspring (Alapati et al., 2009; Papa et al., 2008). Along with prolonged survival came an increased demand to preserve normal reproductive function. Apart from medical conditions, the average paternal age in normal healthy men has increased, making 'age sperm banking' more relevant than before (Ventura, Hamilton,-Sutton, 2003). Cryopreservation of spermatozoa is the most efficient approach in the preservation of male fertility and has become one of the essential elements of assisted reproductive technology (ART). In this review, we aim to discuss the diversity and complexity of various indications and methods in the field of FP. The review will discuss both the medically indicated FP, such as cases of malignancies,