This study aims to investigate the impacts of information and communication technology (ICT) use on students' math and science achievements, with a special focus on examining the trends of these relationships over the past decade. Data from all five waves of the Program for International Student Assessment (PISA) from 2000 to 2012 were used. Three-level hierarchical linear modelling revealed that school-level ICT-related variables had positive influences on learning outcomes when national GDP, school type, and school ICT investment, were controlled for. However, the findings indicated that the relationships between different types of ICT use with math and science achievement were negative in the long term when students' families' social economic status was held constant. In addition, self-confidence in Internet tasks was discovered to be beneficial to both math and science, and thus, suggestions were made to develop students' confidence in conducting ICT-related activities.Keywords: ICT use, mathematics and science education, student achievement
INTRODUCTIONInformation and communication technology (ICT) is a specific term that refers to technologies designed for collecting, processing, preserving and delivering information (Elisha 2006). It has been widely recognized that the rapid development of ICT dramatically affects every aspect of contemporary life by changing the ways people live, work, and study in today's knowledge society. These changes have brought innovative and diverse options, but they have also required us to be information and communication technology (ICT) literate. In general, ICT literacy is defined as the ability to use technology tools appropriately in processing, managing, and evaluating information and communicating with others (ETS 2004; MCEETYA 2006).