“…Previous studies have found a strong positive relationship between motivation, interest, and self-related beliefs, including self-efficacy and achievement (e.g., Radišić & Jensen, 2021;Habók et al, 2020;Lee, 2020;Marsh et al, 2012;Skaalvik et al, 2015;Stankov & Lee, 2017). Studies focusing on the relationship between ICT exposure and STEM outcomes have shown mixed results (Odell et al, 2020;Ünal et al, 2022). Moreover, ICT tools influence how mathematics is assessed (Aldon & Panero, 2020;Hoogland & Tout, 2018), and over the past decade, digital assessment has often replaced paper-based assessment.…”