Does lean rather than fat mass provide the link between birth weight, BMI, and metabolic risk? EarlyBird 23

Murphy, Michael J.; Metcalf, B. S.; Jeffery, Alison; Voss, Linda D; Wilkin, Terence J.

doi:10.1111/j.1399-5448.2006.00180.x

Cited by 34 publications

(26 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…As reported in previously published articles, the programming of less lean mass by suboptimal fetal growth has been observed in which body composition measurements were obtained by dual energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) (32,35), by anthropometric methods (36), or by bioelectrical impedance (33). Conversely, the results showed that there were no PPAR␥-2 gene polymorphism-related differences in the relationship between Z score birth weight and later body fat distribution.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 42%

“…Several recent studies found associations between low birth weight and increased metabolic risk of cardiovascular disease by programming small proportion of lean mass later in life (33,34). As reported in previously published articles, the programming of less lean mass by suboptimal fetal growth has been observed in which body composition measurements were obtained by dual energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) (32,35), by anthropometric methods (36), or by bioelectrical impedance (33).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 65%

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Effect of the Ala12 Allele in the PPARγ-2 Gene on the Relationship Between Birth Weight and Body Composition in Adolescents: The AVENA Study

et al. 2007

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ABSTRACT:The intent of this study was to assess whether the effect of birth weight on later body composition is modified by Pro12Pro, Pro12Ala, and Ala12Ala genotypes of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor ␥-2 (PPAR␥-2) gene. The PPAR␥-2 gene polymorphism was genotyped in 273 adolescents aged 13-18.5 y, born at term and whose birth weight was known. They were selected from a cross-sectional multicenter study conducted in five Spanish cities in 2000 -2002. Body mass index (BMI) was calculated from weight and height measurements, and body composition and fat distribution were estimated from skinfold thickness. A total of 229 subjects (111 males and 118 females) carried the Pro12Pro genotype and 44 (22 males and 22 females) the Pro12Ala and Ala12Ala PPAR␥-2 genotypes. In the Pro12Pro group, birth weight Z score was positively associated with both fat-free mass (FFM) (p Ͻ 0.05) and fat mass (FM) (p Ͻ 0.05), but these relationships disappeared after controlling for age, gestational age, socioeconomic status (SES), physical activity, Tanner stage, sex, and BMI. In the Ala12 group, birth weight Z score was positively associated with FFM (p Ͻ 0.01), and this relationship remained significant after controlling for confounding variables (p Ͻ 0.05). Small body weight at birth may program lower FFM in adolescents carrying the Ala12 allele in the PPAR␥-2 gene. (Pediatr Res 62: 615-619, 2007)

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 42%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 65%

Effect of the Ala12 Allele in the PPARγ-2 Gene on the Relationship Between Birth Weight and Body Composition in Adolescents: The AVENA Study

et al. 2007

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“…Extrapolating, excessive GWG might increase the risk of offspring obesity. However, associations between birthweight and childhood or adulthood BMI do not necessarily imply increased risk of offspring obesity; indeed, some authors have shown that higher birthweight may be linked to a greater lean mass in later life, rather than fat mass [11]. Accurate determination of body fat mass in infant and child provides a more apposite measure, and studies from the UK ALPSAC cohort and the Southampton Women's Survey, amongst others, have suggested that it is the fatter, not necessarily the heavier infant, who is at risk of becoming the fatter child [12 && ,13].…”

Section: Gestational Weight Gain and Childhood Obesitymentioning

confidence: 95%

Gestational weight gain

Poston

2012

Current Opinion in Clinical Nutrition and Metabolic Care

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Purpose of reviewTo address the recent evidence which suggests that inappropriate gestational weight gain (GWG) may have consequences that extend to the longer term health of the child. Recent findingsInadequate GWG is associated with low birthweight, and excessive GWG to delivery of large for gestational age infants . Recent studies report relationships between excessive GWG and neonatal adiposity, and with childhood and adult obesity. These appear to be independent of confounders such as socioeconomic status and a shared family environment, or hereditary traits for obesity, supporting the 'developmental origins of disease' hypothesis. SummaryBecause of periods of developmental plasticity, the early life metabolic environment may contribute to the risk of metabolic and cardiovascular disease in later life. The mechanisms which explain the relationships between maternal GWG and later life obesity remain unknown. Large, well conducted, intervention randomized controlled trials in pregnant women are required to address relationships between GWG and offspring risk of disease, including characterization of potential mediators. These should lead to more targeted and effective intervention strategies.

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“…A caveat is that, while large infant birth weight for gestational age is generally an indicator of excess fat mass, it may also reflect other growth parameters such that a subset of large infant birth weight for gestational age infants may have increased lean mass (62,63). Risk factors for large infant birth weight for gestational age include maternal obesity and maternal gestational diabetes (64,65) with African-American women exhibiting risk at lower maternal BMI thresholds (66).…”

Section: Prenatal and Postnatal Influencesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Biological, environmental, and social influences on childhood obesity

2015

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The prevalence of childhood obesity has increased globally over the past three decades, with evidence of recent leveling off in developed countries. Reduction in the, currently high, prevalence of obesity will require a full understanding of the biological and social pathways to obesity in order to develop appropriately targeted prevention strategies in early life. Determinants of childhood obesity include individual level factors, including biological, social, and behavioral risks, acting within the influence of the child's family environment, which is, in turn, imbedded in the context of the community environment. These influences act across childhood, with suggestions of early critical periods of biological and behavioral plasticity. There is evidence of sex and gender differences in the responses of boys and girls to their environments. The evidence that determinants of childhood obesity act at many levels and at different stages of childhood is of policy relevance to those planning early health promotion and primary prevention programs as it suggests the need to address the individual, the family, the physical environment, the social environment, and social policy. The purpose of this narrative review is to summarize current, and emerging, literature in a multilevel, life course framework. INTRODUCTIONThe prevalence of childhood obesity has increased globally over the past three decades, with more rapid increases recently occurring in low-income countries (1). In the United States, more than 30% of children are now overweight or obese (1), with evidence that the prevalence has leveled off (2). Children and adolescents are exhibiting obesity-related conditions such as type 2 diabetes, elevated blood pressure, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and higher fasting insulin levels (3-6). In addition, childhood obesity predicts adulthood obesity and its known health consequences (7,8). Treatment of obesity is notoriously difficult, with weight loss rarely sustained in adults (9). Therapeutic interventions in childhood are somewhat more successful, particularly if the intervention occurs prior to onset of puberty (10). However, real and sustained progress in combating the obesity epidemic will require a full understanding of the biological and social pathways to obesity in order to develop appropriately targeted prevention strategies in early life.Pathways to childhood obesity are complex. It is therefore helpful to discuss determinants of obesity within a conceptual framework. A multilevel conceptual model, Bronfenbrenner's Bioecological Systems Theory (11), has previously been applied to the conceptualization of childhood obesity by Davison and Birch (12). This framework depicts individual-level factors, including biological, social, and behavioral risks, as acting within the influence of the child's family environment, which is, in turn imbedded in the context of the community environment. It is also helpful to consider critical periods for obesity risk and, as will be further illustrated in a later section,...

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Does lean rather than fat mass provide the link between birth weight, BMI, and metabolic risk? EarlyBird 23

Abstract: In boys, the relationships between birth weight, triglycerides, and lean mass are consistent with the hypothesis. Overall, our findings provide limited evidence in support of the argument that higher birth weight predicts lower metabolic risk because it marks programming of more lean mass.

Cited by 34 publications

References 9 publications

Effect of the Ala12 Allele in the PPARγ-2 Gene on the Relationship Between Birth Weight and Body Composition in Adolescents: The AVENA Study

Effect of the Ala12 Allele in the PPARγ-2 Gene on the Relationship Between Birth Weight and Body Composition in Adolescents: The AVENA Study

Gestational weight gain

Biological, environmental, and social influences on childhood obesity

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