Does Optimism Influence Mood and Ambulatory Blood Pressure During Everyday Life? A Study of Middle-Aged Women and Men Using Experiental Sampling Methodology

Optimism and Subjective Well-Being: Affectivity Plays a Secondary Role in the Relationship Between Optimism and Global Life Satisfaction in the Middle-Aged Women. Longitudinal and Cross-Cultural Findings

“…According to the authors, this temperamental perspective states that extroverts are simply more cheerful and high-spirited than introverts, whereas emotionally unstable individuals are naturally more prone to negative affect. Besides the personality traits such as extraversion and neuroticism that most often have been found to be associated with SWB (e.g., Costa and McCrae 1980;Watson and Clark 1984), many researchers have showed that optimism is also highly important to SWB (e.g., Marshall et al 1992;Räikkönen et al 1999;Scheier et al 1994). Some findings have provided indications that optimism is also differentially related to the components of SWB (e.g., Chang, 2002;Chang and Sanna 2001;Daukantaite and Bergman 2005) that we further investigate in the current study.…”

Physical and Cognitive Activity and Exercise for Older Adults: A Review

“…For example, heightened cardiovascular reactivity to exposures to psychological demand in younger and older adults has long been implicated in the aetiology of cardiovascular disease (Carroll et al, 2001;Light, 1981;Light et al, 1999;Manuck, Kasprowicz, & Muldoon, 1990;Obrist, 1981). Chronic cardiovascular reactivity may be further confounded by the fact that age-related functional changes may influence dimensions of personality and coping like anxiety (Goldstein, 2002;Paterniti, Dufouil, & Alperovitch, 2002;Wetherell, Reynolds, Gatz, & Pedersen, 2002), depression (Beekman et al, 2001;Snowdon, 2001), self-efficacy (Kempen & van Sonderen, 2002;Kramer, Kapteyn, Kuik, & Deeg, 2002;Slangen-de Kort, Midden, Aarts, & van Wagenberg, 2001) and sense of control (Brandtstadter & Rothermund, 1994;Drentea, 2002;Menec & Chipperfield, 1997;Shapiro, Sandman, Grossman, & Grossman, 1995;Shaw & Krause, 2001), each of which may be directly or indirectly related to cardiovascular health (Gerin, Litt, Deich, & Pickering, 1995Hutt & Weidner, 1993;Kubzansky, Sparrow, Vokonas, & Kawachi, 2001;Raikkonen, Matthews, Flory, Owens, & Gump, 1999;Sanz & Villamarin, 2001;Vitaliano, Russo, Paulsen, & Bailey, 1995;Waldstein, Bachen, & Manuck, 1997;Wilson, Williams, Arheart, Bryant, & Alpert, 1994).…”

“…Furthermore, the increased functional capacity of the cardiovascular system after physical training has a direct beneficial effect on psychological variables, such as the feeling of fitness, improved self-image, self-efficacy, sense of control, and elevated mood (Arent et al, 2000;Astrand & Rodahl, 1986;Bandura, 1982;Folkins & Sime, 1981;Morgan, 1985;Rigotti, Thomas, & Leaf, 1983). Some of these psychological variables may, in turn, mediate patterns of chronic cardiovascular reactivity in response to psychological challenge (Gerin et al, 1995(Gerin et al, , 1996Hutt & Weidner, 1993;Kubzansky et al, 2001;Raikkonen et al, 1999;Sanz & Villamarin, 2001;Vitaliano et al, 1995;Waldstein et al, 1997;Wilson et al, 1994).…”

“…In general, it is important for researchers to understand how psychological and social factors mediate intervention outcomes. For example, the benefits of different physical exercise interventions on cardiovascular resilience may depend on the extent to which they can have a sustained effect on generalized anxiety (Vitaliano et al, 1995), self-efficacy (Gerin et al, 1996;Sanz & Villamarin, 2001), perceived control (Gerin et al, 1995;Sanz & Villamarin, 2001;Waldstein et al, 1997), and optimism (Kubzansky et al, 2001;Raikkonen et al, 1999), or the availability of social support networks (Uchino, Cacioppo, Malarkey, Glaser, & Kiecolt-Glaser, 1995;Uchino, Holt-Lunstad, Uno, & Flinders, 2001;Uchino, Kiecolt-Glaser, & Cacioppo, 1992). Similarly, older people with a higher sense of internal control (Arbuckle et al, 1992;Winocur, Moscovitch, & Freedman, 1987), higher self-efficacy beliefs (Garfein & Hertzog, 1995;Ruth & Coleman, 1996;Seeman, Rodin, & Albert, 1993), and lower levels of depression (Perlmutter & Nyquist, 1990;West et al, 1992) and anxiety (Cohen et al, 1980;Deptula et al, 1993;Hogan, 2003;Yesavage et al, 1988) perform better on tests of cognitive performance.…”

Cardiovascular Intraindividual Variability in Later Life: The Influence of Social Connectedness and Positive Emotions.

“…One important determinant of cardiovascular risk is mood (see Kamarck et al, 1998; Räikkönen, Matthews, Flory, Owens, & Gump, 1999; Schwartz, Warren, & Pickering, 1994). The onset of negative affect (NA), for example, is linked to both heightened cardiovascular reactivity and delayed cardiovascular recovery (see Blascovich & Katkin, 1993; Krantz & Manuck, 1984), two processes that signal early signs of coronary dysregulation (Gerin & Pickering, 1995; Hocking-Schuler & O'Brien, 1997; Linden, Earle, Gerin, & Christenfeld, 1997).…”