Does Salmonella Typhi primarily reside in the liver of chronic typhoid carriers?

Nath, Gopal; Singh, Yogesh Kumar; Maurya, Pushpa; Gulati, Anil Kumar; Srivastava, Ramit C.; Tripathi, Sunil Kumar

doi:10.3855/jidc.820

Cited by 31 publications

(25 citation statements)

References 5 publications

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“…This impact on human health, combined with the high incidence of typhoid fever in many parts of the world and the poor efficacy of current vaccines, highlights the importance of understanding the mechanisms involved in typhoid carriage. To date, removal of the gallbladder (cholecystectomy) is the most common treatment for chronic typhoid carriers and those with gallbladder abnormalities; however, it is both costly and invasive and does not guarantee elimination of the carrier state (33), since additional foci of infection can persist in other locations, including the biliary tree, mesenteric lymph nodes, and liver (34)(35)(36)(37)(38). Therefore, alternative treatments are needed to eradicate the gallbladder carriage state.…”

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confidence: 99%

Identification of Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhimurium Genes Regulated during Biofilm Formation on Cholesterol Gallstone Surfaces

Gonzalez-Escobedo

2013

Infect Immun

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Salmonella spp. are able to form biofilms on abiotic and biotic surfaces. In vivo studies in our laboratory have shown that Salmonella can form biofilms on the surfaces of cholesterol gallstones in the gallbladders of mice and human carriers. Biofilm formation on gallstones has been demonstrated to be a mechanism of persistence. The purpose of this work was to identify and evaluate Salmonella sp. cholesterol-dependent biofilm factors. Differential gene expression analysis between biofilms on glass or cholesterol-coated surfaces and subsequent quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) revealed that type 1 fimbria structural genes and a gene encoding a putative outer membrane protein (ycfR) were specifically upregulated in Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium biofilms grown on cholesterol-coated surfaces. Spatiotemporal expression of ycfR and FimA verified their regulation during biofilm development on cholesterol-coated surfaces. Surprisingly, confocal and scanning electron microscopy demonstrated that a mutant of type 1 fimbria structural genes (⌬fimAICDHF) and a ycfR mutant showed increased biofilm formation on cholesterol-coated surfaces. In vivo experiments using Nramp1 ؉/؉ mice harboring gallstones showed that only the ⌬ycfR mutant formed extensive biofilms on mouse gallstones at 7 and 21 days postinfection; ⌬fimAICDHF was not observed on gallstone surfaces after the 7-day-postinfection time point. These data suggest that in Salmonella spp., wild-type type 1 fimbriae are important for attachment to and/or persistence on gallstones at later points of chronic infection, whereas YcfR may represent a specific potential natural inhibitor of initial biofilm formation on gallstones.

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confidence: 99%

Identification of Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhimurium Genes Regulated during Biofilm Formation on Cholesterol Gallstone Surfaces

Gonzalez-Escobedo

2013

Infect Immun

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“…No S. typhi was isolated from the blood samples collected. The presence of S. typhi in urine and stool samples and the absence of the bacterium in blood samples depicted a carrier state among the patients 14 . According to Gonzalez-Escobedo et al, 15 Table 1 confirms an earlier report by Gonzalez-Escobedo et al 15 that carriers of S. typhi mainly shed the organism through their faeces more than urine.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 96%

Untitled

2014

IJPSR

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Salmonella typhi, causative agent of typhoid fever, a predominantly human communicable disease, is endemic in Africa and Asia. S. typhi is of clinical importance partly due to its mode of infection and partly due to the fact that human activities such as poor hygienic conditions are essential in the transmission and perpetuation of the pathogen. More so antibiotic resistant strains of S. typhi have emerged, increasing cost of treatment, morbidity and mortality. Meanwhile, S. typhi isolation and sensitivity testing to antibiotics are rarely practiced in the hospitals in and around Kumasi. This study sought to determine the extent of antibiotic susceptibility of S. typhi isolated from patients in Kumasi south, North Suntreso and Tafo hospitals in the Ashanti region of Ghana. The isolates were identified using morphological and biochemical means. The isolates were then tested for their sensitivity to some reference antibiotics using the Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method. One hundred and twenty-eight (128) S. typhi were isolated from 900 clinical samples. A total of 52.3% of the S. typhi isolates exhibited resistance to ampicillin whereas 32.8, 25.0, 17.2 and 14.9% of the isolates were resistant to co-trimoxazole, chloramphenicol, ciprofloxacin and ceftriaxone respectively. About 19.5% of the S. typhi isolates were multidrug resistant. The S. typhi isolates were most sensitive to ciprofloxacin and ceftriaxone whilst majority of the S. typhi tested were resistant to ampicillin. Ampicillin is therefore no longer suitable for the treatment of S. typhi infections in these hospitals.

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“…Typhi positive cadavers, showing S . Typhi present in 85.7% of liver tissues and may contribute to chronic carriage of bacteria [24,115]. Furthermore, chronic carriage of Salmonella Typhi is a risk factor for gallbladder carcinomas [25].…”

Section: Immunity To Salmonella Infectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Salmonella infection: Interplay between the bacteria and host immune system

2017

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Salmonella infection causes morbidity and mortality throughout the world with the host immune response varying depending on whether the infection is acute and limited, or systemic and chronic. Additionally, Salmonella bacteria have evolved multiple mechanisms to avoid or subvert immunity to its own benefit and often the anatomical location of infection plays a role in both the immune response and bacterial fate. Here, we provide an overview of the interplay between the immune system and Salmonella, while discussing how different host and bacterial factors influence the outcome of infection.

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Does Salmonella Typhi primarily reside in the liver of chronic typhoid carriers?

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Cited by 31 publications

References 5 publications

Identification of Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhimurium Genes Regulated during Biofilm Formation on Cholesterol Gallstone Surfaces

Identification of Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhimurium Genes Regulated during Biofilm Formation on Cholesterol Gallstone Surfaces

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Salmonella infection: Interplay between the bacteria and host immune system

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