“…In addition, we differentiate between absolute and relative giving, both by donors and for all respondents in different social groups, such as by donors in working-class and donors in salariat positions, and for all respondents in working-class and salariat positions, that is, including non-givers. This is crucial in analysis of civic behaviour, as Schervish and Havens (1995) emphasized, although existing studies tend to focus on one or another of these aspects (Brooks, 2005;Brown and Ferris, 2007). Absolute giving refers to the amount that our respondents reported that they had given to charitable causes in the month previous to the interview, and relative giving to the amount as a fraction of their own (or if partnered, the average of the couple's) incomes.…”