“…The third process, shelf-shading, is one of the most critical biological limitations because it sets an actual threshold for realized photosynthesis along vertical light gradient within macroalgal assemblages (Binzer et al, 2006;Tait and Schiel, 2010). The effect is stronger with increasing algal densities (Kotta et al, 2008;Paalme et al, 2013;Pärnoja et al, 2014) and in extreme cases, e.g., within giant kelp forests, only a fraction of light above algal canopy reaches the basal subcanopy species (Reed and Foster, 1984). This has large but mostly unknown affects on photosynthesis and growth of macroalgal assemblages.…”