Does the sympathetic nervous system contribute to the pathophysiology of metabolic syndrome?

Abstract

The metabolic syndrome (MS), formally known as syndrome X, is a clustering of several risk factors such as obesity, hypertension, insulin resistance, and dislypidemia which could lead to the development of diabetes and cardiovascular diseases (CVD). The frequent changes in the definition and diagnostic criteria of MS are indications of the controversy and the challenges surrounding the understanding of this syndrome among researchers. Obesity and insulin resistance are leading risk factors of MS. Moreover, obesity and hypertension are closely associated to the increase and aggravation of oxidative stress. The recommended treatment of MS frequently involves change of lifestyles to prevent weight gain. MS is not only an important screening tool for the identification of individuals at high risk of CVD and diabetes but also an indicator of suitable treatment. As sympathetic disturbances and oxidative stress are often associated with obesity and hypertension, the present review summarizes the role of sympathetic nervous system and oxidative stress in the MS.

High‐Saturated Fat High‐Sugar Diet Accelerates Left‐Ventricular Dysfunction Faster than High‐Saturated Fat Diet Alone via Increasing Oxidative Stress and Apoptosis in Obese‐Insulin Resistant Rats

“…Furthermore, the oxidative stress has been shown to be a major factor contributing to cardiac sympathovagal imbalance. Previous studies showed that oxidative stress leads to sympathetic hyperactivation in several pathological conditions including heart failure, aging, and obesity . In preclinical studies, sympathetic hyperactivation and a decreased LF/HF ratio were observed in HFD rats, together with increased oxidative stress markers such as malondialdehyde, superoxide anion, and F2‐isoprostanes .…”

The Prevalence of Atherosclerosis and Related Factors in Both Types of Premature Ejaculation (Acquired and Lifelong) in Men

“…Hypertension and diabetic Insulin. resistance was found to be associated with sympathetic overactivity, as observed in many patients 16 . Zorba et al 17 evaluated the impact of the autonomic nervous system on [24-hour] heart rate changeability in PE and reported that sympathetic activity was intensi ed in men with PE, especially the lifelong type.The overactivity in the sympathetic nervous system may produce initial pressure elevation in the male prostatic urethra and subsequent PE.…”

“…AIPE is a seven-question questionnaire that supports various items of sexual activity, including, libido (Q1), erection (Q2), intravaginal ejaculatory latency time (ELT) (Q3), control ejaculation (Q4), couple satisfaction (Q5-6) and the psychological in uence of PE (Q7) 10 . Results were classi ed as severe [7][8][9][10][11][12][13], moderate [14][15][16][17][18][19], mild-moderate [20-25] and mild [26][27][28][29][30].…”

Left ventricular hypertrophy and linked cardiovascular risk factors among Congolese licensed civilian aircrew

“…[12] Insulin resistance and subsequent hyperinsulinemia have been reported to activate the sympathetic nervous and the renin angiotensin systems resulting in endothelial dysfunction. [34,35] With reference to Laplace's law, high BP and obesity could trigger cardiac remodeling through hemodynamic and these humoral mechanisms and the thickening of cardiac wall may occur through collagen deposits. [36] Mehta et al in the Dallas Heart Study found LVH to be an independent risk factor for subclinical atherosclerosis diagnosed by cardiac MRI, coronary artery calcium, and C-reactive protein measurements.…”