Domestic LPG interventions in South Africa: Challenges and lessons

Kimemia, David; Annegarn, Harold J.

doi:10.1016/j.enpol.2016.03.005

Cited by 56 publications

(30 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…Among the nine countries, South Africa experienced the highest rate of clean-to-polluting fuel switching (8%), with ∼60% of households switching from electricity to wood and nearly 20% switching from electricity to kerosene fuel. The move away from electricity may be the result of frequent power outages that have occurred in South Africa since 2008 due to increasing electricity demand exceeding the available supply [76,77].…”

Section: Household Factorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Household, community, sub-national and country-level predictors of primary cooking fuel switching in nine countries from the PURE study

Shupler

Hystad

Gustafson

et al. 2019

Environ. Res. Lett.

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Introduction. Switching from polluting (e.g. wood, crop waste, coal) to clean (e.g. gas, electricity) cooking fuels can reduce household air pollution exposures and climate-forcing emissions. While studies have evaluated specific interventions and assessed fuel-switching in repeated cross-sectional surveys, the role of different multilevel factors in household fuel switching, outside of interventions and across diverse community settings, is not well understood. Methods. We examined longitudinal survey data from 24 172 households in 177 rural communities across nine countries within the Prospective Urban and Rural Epidemiology study. We assessed household-level primary cooking fuel switching during a median of 10 years of follow up (∼2005-2015). We used hierarchical logistic regression models to examine the relative importance of household, community, sub-national and national-level factors contributing to primary fuel switching. Results. One-half of study households (12 369) reported changing their primary cooking fuels between baseline and follow up surveys. Of these, 61% (7582) switched from polluting (wood, dung, agricultural waste, charcoal, coal, kerosene) to clean (gas, electricity) fuels, 26% (3109) switched between different polluting fuels, 10% (1164) switched from clean to polluting fuels and 3% (522) switched between different clean fuels. Among the 17 830 households using polluting cooking fuels at baseline, household-level factors (e.g. larger household size, higher wealth, higher education level) were most strongly associated with switching from polluting to clean fuels in India; in all other countries, community-level factors (e.g. larger population density in 2010, larger increase in population density between 2005 and 2015) were the strongest predictors of polluting-to-clean fuel switching. Conclusions. The importance of community and sub-national factors relative to household characteristics in determining polluting-to-clean fuel switching varied dramatically across the nine countries examined. This highlights the potential importance of national and other contextual factors in shaping large-scale clean cooking transitions among rural communities in low-and middle-income countries.

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Section: Household Factorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Household, community, sub-national and country-level predictors of primary cooking fuel switching in nine countries from the PURE study

Shupler

Hystad

Gustafson

et al. 2019

Environ. Res. Lett.

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“…The proportion is, however, highest in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), where over 90% of the population in rural communities relied on biomass as a primary energy source for cooking [3,4]. Biomass fuels will continue to be a survival commodity for most households in SSA because of the unavailability and erratic nature of grid power supply, as well as the high cost of alternative energy carriers such as liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) [5].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Design and performance evaluation of wood-burning cookstoves for low-income households in South Africa

Makonese

Bradnum

2018

J. energy South. Afr.

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Many cookstove programmes implemented around the world aimed to reduce fuel consumption and pollutant emissions through the dissemination and adoption of improved cookstoves. A study was carried out for the design of wood-burning cookstoves for low-income households in South Africa by employing user-centred design and co-design/cocreation approaches. Six designed variants of the biomass stove were constructed. Water-heating and emissions tests, using black wattle wood, were conducted to evaluate them for thermal and emissions performance. The large hopper stove with two secondary air inlets ranked highest, with best performance regarding thermal and emissions parameters. It outperformed the small hopper stove in time to boil, heat flux and firepower, although the latter had higher thermal efficiency values. Fuel consumption rates were high in large hopper stoves compared with small hopper stoves, resulting in increased firepower. The experimental work showed the need for iterative designing and testing of cookstoves for emissions and thermal performance to identify efficient and less polluting candi-date stoves for dissemination in low-income communities.

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“…Los usos y aplicaciones del GLP van desde consumos residenciales [1], comerciales [2] hasta industriales [3] en la generación de energía eléctrica, calentamiento de hornos y calderas, entre otros, y se lo escoge entre otros combustibles ya que: se pueden satisfacer varias necesidades energéticas con una sola fuente de combustible [4], tiene alto poder calorífico comparado con otras fuentes de energía [5], es limpio en término de emisiones de contaminantes a la atmósfera [6], no es tóxico para el ser humano [7], y es muy seguro si se lo maneja técnicamente [8].…”

Section: Introductionunclassified

Optimización en el dimensionamiento de un sistema industrial de gas licuado de petróleo

et al. 2018

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RESUMEN-Son muchos los equipos industriales que requieren del gas licuado de petróleo (GLP) como combustible para su funcionamiento y para que llegue a estos equipos, se necesita entre otros de sistemas de almacenamiento (tanques) y de transporte (tuberías); su instalación debe estar acorde a principios de seguridad (distancias mínimas a terceros, materiales de tuberías) establecidos en la norma técnica que impone la autoridad competente y su dimensionamiento debe responder a criterios ingenieriles de transferencia de calor, termodinámica y mecánica de fluidos. En el presente trabajo se optimiza la ubicación de los recipientes estacionarios y el diámetro de tubería necesarios para abastecer de combustible a un sistema industrial de GLP en la ciudad de Panamá, que cuenta con un horno de 600 kW y 6 quemadores industriales de 60 kW c/u. En el almacenamiento se compara el área superficial requerida por una batería de tanques estacionarios (250, 500, 1000 y 2000 Gl) y de acuerdo a las distancias de seguridad requeridas se minimiza esta área. En el dimensionamiento de tubería se establecen dos tramos de media presión (tubería entre el regulador de primera y segunda etapa) y un tramo de baja presión (tubería después del regulador de segunda etapa) para los seis quemadores, y en cada caso se plantean tres criterios de cálculo y se selecciona aquella tubería que arroja como resultado el menor diámetro. Gas licuado de petróleo, optimización, tanques, tuberías, dimensionamiento. ABSTRACT-Many industrial equipment requires liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) as fuel for its operation. To reach these equipment, you 42 Palabras claves-

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Domestic LPG interventions in South Africa: Challenges and lessons

Cited by 56 publications

References 7 publications

Household, community, sub-national and country-level predictors of primary cooking fuel switching in nine countries from the PURE study

Household, community, sub-national and country-level predictors of primary cooking fuel switching in nine countries from the PURE study

Design and performance evaluation of wood-burning cookstoves for low-income households in South Africa

Optimización en el dimensionamiento de un sistema industrial de gas licuado de petróleo

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