Domestication causes rapid changes in heart and brain morphology in Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua)

Mayer, Ian; Meager, Justin J.; Skjæraasen, Jon Egil; Rodewald, Petra; Sverdrup, Gisle; Fernö, Anders

doi:10.1007/s10641-011-9831-1

Cited by 38 publications

(38 citation statements)

References 28 publications

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“…Studies from domesticated species such as the goldfish (Carassius auratus) are allowing us to refine our understanding of the function of different brain regions [34,35]. Research from species reared in aquaculture is further providing insight into the way domestication affects the fish brain [32,47]. Comparative studies of closely related species now living in contrasting natural habitats (e.g.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Environmental enrichment promotes neural plasticity and cognitive ability in fish

et al. 2013

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Different kinds of experience during early life can play a significant role in the development of an animal's behavioural phenotype. In natural contexts, this influences behaviours from anti-predator responses to navigation abilities. By contrast, for animals reared in captive environments, the homogeneous nature of their experience tends to reduce behavioural flexibility. Studies with cage-reared rodents indicate that captivity often compromises neural development and neural plasticity. Such neural and behavioural deficits can be problematic if captive-bred animals are being reared with the intention of releasing them as part of a conservation strategy. Over the last decade, there has been growing interest in the use of environmental enrichment to promote behavioural flexibility in animals that are bred for release. Here, we describe the positive effects of environmental enrichment on neural plasticity and cognition in juvenile Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). Exposing fish to enriched conditions upregulated the forebrain expression of NeuroD1 mRNA and improved learning ability assessed in a spatial task. The addition of enrichment to the captive environment thus promotes neural and behavioural changes that are likely to promote behavioural flexibility and improve post-release survival.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Environmental enrichment promotes neural plasticity and cognitive ability in fish

et al. 2013

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“…Environmental complexity and different kinds of sensory input can lead to neural developmental and plastic modifications; but if understimulated, fishes typically develop smaller brains ( e.g . G. morhua ; Mayer et al , 2011). One of the most studied issues regarding environmental effects on salmonid brains is the comparison of brain structure between wild v. hatchery‐reared fishes.…”

Section: Environmental Effects On Brain Plasticity and Cognitionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Environmental effects on fish neural plasticity and cognition

Ebbesson

Braithwaite

2012

Journal of Fish Biology

150

126

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Most fishes experiencing challenging environments are able to adjust and adapt their physiology and behaviour to help them cope more effectively. Much of this flexibility is supported and influenced by cognition and neural plasticity. The understanding of fish cognition and the role played by different regions of the brain has improved significantly in recent years. Techniques such as lesioning, tract tracing and quantifying changes in gene expression help in mapping specialized brain areas. It is now recognized that the fish brain remains plastic throughout a fish's life and that it continues to be sensitive to environmental challenges. The early development of fish brains is shaped by experiences with the environment and this can promote positive and negative effects on both neural plasticity and cognitive ability. This review focuses on what is known about the interactions between the environment, the telencephalon and cognition. Examples are used from a diverse array of fish species, but there could be a lot to be gained by focusing research on neural plasticity and cognition in fishes for which there is already a wealth of knowledge relating to their physiology, behaviour and natural history, e.g. the Salmonidae.

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“…Domestication is driven by epigenetic and genetic mechanisms occurring in each successive generation of culture. Adaptation to the novel captive environment (unintended or inadvertent selection) occurs because of differences in food availability, and physical and ecological factors relative to the wild, producing profound effects on numerous behavioural, physiological, morphological and life-history traits (Álvarez and Nicieza, 2003;Robison and Rowland, 2005), sometimes in as little as a single generation (Mayer et al, 2011;Christie et al, 2012). For example, satiation feeding, the surface presentation of food and the absence of predators has been linked to a reduction in stress, loss of the startle response, and an increase in aggression and growth rate in cultured relative to wild populations (Lepage et al, 2000;Yamamoto and Reinhardt, 2003).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Experimental selection for body size at age modifies early-life history traits and muscle gene expression in adult zebrafish

Amaral

Johnston

2012

Journal of Experimental Biology

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SUMMARYThe short generation time of the zebrafish (Danio rerio) was exploited to investigate the effects of selection for body size at age on early life-history traits and on the transcriptional response to a growth stimulus in skeletal muscle of adult fish. Replicate populations were either unselected (U-lineage) or subjected to four generations of experimental selection for small (S-lineage) or large (L-lineage) body size at 90days post-fertilization. Body mass was on average 16.3% and 41.0% higher in the L-than in the U-and S-lineages, respectively. Egg diameter was 6.4% lower with 13% less yolk in the S-lineage compared with the other lineages. Maternal transcripts for igf2r, bmpr1aa, igf1ar, igf2a, igfbp5a, ghra and igfbp3 in 2-4 cell stage embryos were higher in the L-than in the S-lineage. Larvae from the L-lineage were significantly larger, but survivorship at the end of the first month was similar between lineages. Gene expression was measured in the fast muscle of adult fish fasted for 7days and then re-fed to satiation for 48h. The expression of 11 insulin-like growth factor pathway genes and 12 other nutritionally responsive genes was similar for the S-and L-lineages as was gut fullness with feeding. Transcript abundance for four genes (igf1a, igf2r, igfbp1a and igfbp1b) showed either regulated or constitutive differences between the S-and L-lineages. For example, igf2 receptor transcript abundance was higher and igbp1a/b transcript abundance was lower in the L-than in the S-lineage, consistent with an effect of selection on insulin-like growth factor signalling. Supplementary material available online at

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Domestication causes rapid changes in heart and brain morphology in Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua)

Cited by 38 publications

References 28 publications

Environmental enrichment promotes neural plasticity and cognitive ability in fish

Environmental enrichment promotes neural plasticity and cognitive ability in fish

Environmental effects on fish neural plasticity and cognition

Experimental selection for body size at age modifies early-life history traits and muscle gene expression in adult zebrafish

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