Donkey-derived anti-CDV IgG, as a passive immunotherapy agent, can effectively increase survival rates of the experimental CDV-infected dogs

Abstract

Background Humoral immunity plays an important role in the prevention of canine distemper. Anti-CD virus (CDV) antibody has strong antiviral activity and is widely used in the treatment of CD. However, with the increase of CD cases, the availability of therapeutic CD antibody fell short of the clinical needs. Results The high-titer antiserum with the high-titer neutralizing activity against CDV was obtained from the donkeys (Dezhou Donkey) immunized with the inactivated CDV vaccine. The donkey anti-CDV IgG was purified from the donkey serum, which was identified to significantly inhibit the CDV replication in the cultured Vero cells and effectively reduce the clinical symptoms and increase the survival rates (75%) of CDV-infected dogs (Shih-tzu Dog), similar to that treated with the dog-derived anti-CDV IgG. These results indicate that donkey-derived IgG is a potential substitute for dog-derived IgG to treat the CD in clinic. Conclusions Administration of donkey-derived anti-CDV IgG can ameliorate clinical symptoms and inhibit virus replication, thereby increasing the survival of CDV-infected dogs. This study opens up a new source of therapeutic antibody for CD treatment.

Evaluation of the Efficacy and Safety of Silver Nanoparticles in the Treatment of Non-Neurological and Neurological Distemper in Dogs: A Randomized Clinical Trial

“…All inclusion and exclusion criteria for study animals were independently verified by an evaluation criteria committee. In addition, the breed, body weight, and age distributions of the dogs in our study were similar to those reported in previous studies that recorded dogs diagnosed with non-neurological and neurological distemper [8,10,23]. The comparison of control group and placebo group allows for the identification of possible effects of the intervention medication (AgNPs) that go beyond the normal recovery capacity of the patients, which is known to be low in patients diagnosed with neurological distemper [24].…”

“…Outbreaks of CDV have also been reported in animals ranging from stray dogs to zoo animals such as wild tigers and giant pandas, highlighting the zoonotic and spillover characteristics of CDV [40]. Some antiviral drugs have been reported to have an effect in vitro, but none of them have demonstrated clinical efficacy in dogs diagnosed with non-neurological and neurological distemper [18][19][20][21][22][23]. The development of new antiviral drugs based on nanotechnology could offer a promising short-term option.…”

“…Considering two relevant studies, such as those mentioned above, conducted with antibodies against CDV infection [8,23] and mesenchymal stem cell therapy in CD [10,27], a sample size >200 dogs was initially determined as a basis for strong evidence. However, no formal statistical calculation was performed to calculate the samples per group, due to the absence of a phase I canine study examining the effects of AgNPs on the treatment of non-neurologic and neurologic distemper.…”

“…Groups of dogs were classified into CDV + donkey IgG, CDV + dog IgG and CDV without IgG administration. The survival rate of dogs infected with CDV and without the IgG administration was 25% (3/12); however, there was no significant difference in the survival rate of dogs between the CDV + donkey IgG group (75%, 9/12) and the CDV + dog IgG group (83%, 10/12) [23]. Previous studies only evaluated the effect with homologous and heterologous IgG in early stages of the disease, without any dog being diagnosed with neurological distemper.…”

“…In vivo studies performed by Liu P. C. et al (2008) demonstrated improved survival in CDV-affected puppies with non-neurological signs when they received IgG antibodies produced in pigs against CDV [8]. Jianlou Zhang et al (2021) recently demonstrated a very similar therapeutic effect after the inoculation of IgG produced in Shih-tzu dogs (homologous animals) and produced in donkeys (Dezhou Donkey) or heterologous antiserum against CDV [23]. Bogdanchikova et al (2016) demonstrated that treatment with AgNPs in a small number of dogs previously presenting with non-neurological signs showed an increased rate of recovery; however, in dogs with neurological signs, treatment with AgNPs was not able to reverse the disease [24].…”