Doping control analysis of anabolic steroids in equine urine by gas chromatography‐tandem mass spectrometry

Wong, April S. Y.; Leung, Gary N. W.; Leung, David K.K.; Wan, Terence S.M.

doi:10.1002/dta.2090

Cited by 14 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 31 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…The biological fluids most used in clinical practice for the determination of steroids in GC-MS are: serum [47][48][49], plasma [50], and urine [51,52].…”

Section: Gc-ms In Steroid Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

The Potential of Steroid Profiling by Mass Spectrometry in the Management of Adrenocortical Carcinoma

et al. 2020

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Radiological and endocrinological work up of adrenal neoplasms is aimed at distinguishing between frequent non-functioning adenomas and rare but very aggressive adrenocortical carcinoma (ACC). Relevant research has addressed the identification of molecular, genetic and hormonal markers that could have clinical significance for malignancy, as well as a prognostic value. Regarding endocrine aspects, attention has been paid to the pattern of steroid secretion that can be affected by altered steroidogenic pathway in ACC. The advent of mass spectrometry techniques has overcome many limitations usually associated with immunoassays, allowing the determination of both common and rarely measured steroids in a single analysis with high specificity and sensitivity. Indeed, mass spectrometry strategies may be able to identify an individualized steroid profile of ACC, allowing a rapid diagnosis and a specific follow-up. In this review, insights, strengths and limitations of mass spectrometry-based approaches in steroid profiling, as well as of immunoassay in steroid measurements, will be specifically discussed. Moreover, the latest findings on steroid profiling by mass spectrometry-based techniques, the most promising analytical tool, will be summarized to evaluate if steroid profiling might be the clue for solving the clinical dilemma in differentiating ACC from non-functioning adrenocortical adenomas (ACA).

show abstract

“…The biological fluids most used in clinical practice for the determination of steroids in GC-MS are: serum [47][48][49], plasma [50], and urine [51,52].…”

Section: Gc-ms In Steroid Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

The Potential of Steroid Profiling by Mass Spectrometry in the Management of Adrenocortical Carcinoma

et al. 2020

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…To date, the metabolism of oxandrolone has not been investigated in the horse. However, the parent oxandrolone has been included in the published screening methodologies for a range of anabolic steroids in equine urine and plasma by LC‐MS/MS and GC‐MS/MS 24–27 . LC‐MS/MS enabled its detection at 5 ng/ml in urine 25 and 0.2 ng/ml in plasma, 27 whereas the GC‐MS/MS method enabled urinary detection at 2 ng/ml 24 …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…[24][25][26][27] LC-MS/MS enabled its detection at 5 ng/ml in urine 25 and 0.2 ng/ml in plasma, 27 whereas the GC-MS/MS method enabled urinary detection at 2 ng/ml. 24 The purpose of this study was to investigate the equine phase I and II metabolism of oxandrolone. Phase I metabolism was initially investigated using in vitro techniques in order to characterise the produced metabolites using GC-MS and LC-HRMS.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

In vitro and in vivo metabolism of the anabolic‐androgenic steroid oxandrolone in the horse

Harding¹,

Viljanto²,

Cutler³

et al. 2021

Drug Testing and Analysis

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Oxandrolone is an anabolic‐androgenic steroid with favourable anabolic to androgenic ratio, making it an effective anabolic agent with less androgenic side effects. Although its metabolism has been studied in humans, its phase I and II metabolism has not been previously reported in the horse. The purpose of this study was to investigate the in vitro metabolism of oxandrolone (using both equine liver microsomes and S9) and in vivo metabolism following oral administration (three daily doses of 50 mg of oxandrolone to a single Thoroughbred horse), using both gas and liquid chromatography‐mass spectrometry techniques. The in vitro phase I transformations observed included 16‐hydroxylated (two epimers), 17‐methyl‐hydroxylated and 16‐keto metabolites. In addition to parent oxandrolone and these hydroxylated metabolites, the 17‐epimer and a 17,17‐dimethyl‐18‐norandrost‐13‐ene analogue were detected in biological samples following the administration. 16‐keto‐oxandrolone was only observed in urine. The 16‐ and 17‐methyl‐hydroxylated oxandrolone metabolites were predominantly excreted as sulfate conjugates in urine, whereas parent oxandrolone, its epimer and 17,17‐dimethyl‐18‐norandrost‐13‐ene derivative were found predominantly in the unconjugated urine fraction. The most abundant analyte detected in both plasma and urine was parent oxandrolone. However, the longest detection period using the developed analytical method was provided by 17‐hydroxymethyl‐oxandrolone in both matrices. The results of this study provided knowledge of how best to detect the use of oxandrolone in regulatory samples.

show abstract

“…However, the use of GC-MS/MS in the analysis of endogenous steroids has still been limited. Current studies using the GC-MS/MS platform have mostly focused on the quantification of anabolic steroids in the blood of athletes or farmyard animals (Gambelunghe et al 2007, Impens et al 2007, Marcos et al 2002, Raro et al 2016, Rossi et al 1994, Shen et al 2008, Van Vyncht et al 1994, Wong et al 2017, Yamada et al 2008 or on steroid quantifications in wastewaters (Andrasi et al 2013, Kelly 2000, Trinh et al 2011, Zuehlke et al 2005. Blokland et al (2012) simultaneously quantified 47 steroids in the form of unconjugated steroids, glucuronides and sulfates in bovine urine.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A method for determination of one hundred endogenous steroids in human serum by gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry.

Hill

Hána²,

Velíková³

et al. 2019

Physiol Res

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Steroid profiling helps various pathologies to be rapidly diagnosed. Results from analyses investigating steroidogenic pathways may be used as a tool for uncovering pathology causations and proposals of new therapeutic approaches. The purpose of this study was to address still underutilized application of the advanced GC-MS/MS platform for the multicomponent quantification of endogenous steroids. We developed and validated a GC-MS/MS method for the quantification of 58 unconjugated steroids and 42 polar conjugates of steroids (after hydrolysis) in human blood. The present method was validated not only for blood of men and non-pregnant women but also for blood of pregnant women and for mixed umbilical cord blood. The spectrum of analytes includes common hormones operating via nuclear receptors as well as other bioactive substances like immunomodulatory and neuroactive steroids. Our present results are comparable with those from our previously published GC-MS method as well as the results of others. The present method was extended for corticoids and 17α-hydroxylated 5α/β-reduced pregnanes, which are useful for the investigation of alternative "backdoor" pathway. When comparing the analytical characteristics of the present and previous method, the first exhibit by far higher selectivity, and generally higher sensitivity and better precision particularly for 17α-hydroxysteroids. Key wordsSteroid metabolome • Human blood • Gas chromatographytandem mass spectrometry • Backdoor pathway • Pregnancy • Mixed umbilical cord blood Methods SamplesSerum samples from non-pregnant subjects were collected from the employees of the Institute of Endocrinology, Prague, Czech Republic and their relatives, as well as from patients of the Institute of Endocrinology. Serum samples from pregnant women and umbilical cord serum at birth were obtained from patients

show abstract

Doping control analysis of anabolic steroids in equine urine by gas chromatography‐tandem mass spectrometry

Cited by 14 publications

References 31 publications

The Potential of Steroid Profiling by Mass Spectrometry in the Management of Adrenocortical Carcinoma

The Potential of Steroid Profiling by Mass Spectrometry in the Management of Adrenocortical Carcinoma

In vitro and in vivo metabolism of the anabolic‐androgenic steroid oxandrolone in the horse

A method for determination of one hundred endogenous steroids in human serum by gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry.

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About