COVID-19 pandemic has hit people’s health, economy, and society worldwide. Great confidence in returning to normality has been placed in the vaccination campaign. The knowledge of individual immune profiles and the time required to achieve immunological protection is crucial to choose the best vaccination strategy. We compared anti-S1 antibody levels produced over time by BNT162b2 and AZD1222 vaccines and evaluated the induction of antigen-specific T-cells. A total of 2569 anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG determination on dried blood spot samples were carried out, firstly in a cohort of 1181 individuals at random time-points, and subsequently, in an independent cohort of 88 vaccinated subjects, up to the seventeenth week from the first dose administration. Spike-specific T-cells were analysed in seronegative subjects between the two doses. AZD1222 induced lower anti-S1 IgG levels as compared to BNT162b2. Moreover, 40% of AZD1222 vaccinated subjects and 3% of BNT162b2 individuals resulted in seronegative during all the time-points, between the two doses. All these subjects developed antigen-specific T cells, already after the first dose. These results suggest that this test represents an excellent tool for a wide sero-surveillance. Both vaccines induce a favourable immune profile guaranteeing efficacy against severe adverse effects of SARS-CoV-2 infection, already after the first dose administration.

Biotinidase deficiency (BD) is an autosomal recessive inherited disorder in which the enzyme biotinidase is totally or partially defective and the vitamin biotin is not recycled. BD meets the major criteria for a population screening program. Newborn bloodspot screening (NBS) allows early diagnosis of BD, thus preventing the high morbidity and mortality associated with untreated disease. Both profound and partial BD variant can be detected by NBS test, and serum enzyme activity and/or mutational analysis are required for definitive diagnosis. In Italy, BD is included in the screening panel for inborn errors of metabolism (IEMs) that has been declared mandatory in 2016. We analyzed the data of the first 3 years of the NBS for BD in our region (Abruzzo, Italy), with the aim to describe the outcomes of this recently introduced screening program. In over 26,393 newborns screened, we found 2 carriers and 16 cases with genotype associated with partial BD. Since the serum biotinidase assay has been recently introduced in our algorithm, only three of our newborns met the criteria of genetic and biochemical confirmation, with an incidence of 1:8797, which is in the high range of what has been reported in the literature. All affected infants carried the 1330G>C (D444H) variant in compound heterozygosis, with variants known to be associated with profound BD. A variant previously not described and likely pathogenic was found in one newborn. None of the infants had signs or symptoms. The study of the distribution of the enzyme activity in our population allowed us to validate the adopted cutoff with which the program has a positive predictive value of 18% and to analyze some preanalytical factors influencing biotinidase activity: A correlation of the enzyme activity with gestational age and time at specimen collection was found. Lower mean values of enzyme activity were found in infants born in the summer.

Radiological and endocrinological work up of adrenal neoplasms is aimed at distinguishing between frequent non-functioning adenomas and rare but very aggressive adrenocortical carcinoma (ACC). Relevant research has addressed the identification of molecular, genetic and hormonal markers that could have clinical significance for malignancy, as well as a prognostic value. Regarding endocrine aspects, attention has been paid to the pattern of steroid secretion that can be affected by altered steroidogenic pathway in ACC. The advent of mass spectrometry techniques has overcome many limitations usually associated with immunoassays, allowing the determination of both common and rarely measured steroids in a single analysis with high specificity and sensitivity. Indeed, mass spectrometry strategies may be able to identify an individualized steroid profile of ACC, allowing a rapid diagnosis and a specific follow-up. In this review, insights, strengths and limitations of mass spectrometry-based approaches in steroid profiling, as well as of immunoassay in steroid measurements, will be specifically discussed. Moreover, the latest findings on steroid profiling by mass spectrometry-based techniques, the most promising analytical tool, will be summarized to evaluate if steroid profiling might be the clue for solving the clinical dilemma in differentiating ACC from non-functioning adrenocortical adenomas (ACA).

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) has caused a major global public health crisis. In response, researchers and pharmaceutical companies worked together for the rapid development of vaccines to reduce the morbidity and mortality associated with viral infection. Monitoring host immunity following virus infection and/or vaccination is essential to guide vaccination intervention policy. Humoral immune response to vaccination can be assessed with serologic testing, and indeed, many serological immunoassays are now in use. However, these many different assays make the standardization of test results difficult. Moreover, most published serological tests require venous blood sampling, which makes testing large numbers of people complex and costly. Here, we validate the GSP®/DELFIA® Anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG kit using dried blood samples for high-throughput serosurveillance using standard quantitative measurements of anti-spike S1 IgG antibody concentrations. We then apply our validated assay to compare post-vaccination anti-SARS-CoV-2 S1 IgG levels from subjects who received a double dose of the AZD1222 vaccine with those vaccinated with a heterologous strategy, demonstrating how this assay is suitable for large-scale screening to achieve a clearer population immune picture.

Biotinidase (BTD) deficiency is an autosomal recessive inherited neurocutaneous disorder. BTD recycles the vitamin biotin, a coenzyme essential for the function of four biotin-dependent carboxylases, including propionyl-CoA carboxylase, 3-methylcrotonyl-CoA carboxylase, pyruvate carboxylase, and acetyl-CoA carboxylase. Due to deficient activities of the carboxylases, BTD deficiency is also recognized as late-onset multiple carboxylase deficiency and is associated with secondary alterations in the metabolism of amino acids, carbohydrates, and fatty acids. BTD deficiency can be classified as “profound”, with less than 10% of mean normal activity, and as “partial” with 10–30% of mean normal activity. Newborn screening (NBS) of BTD deficiency is performed in most countries and is able to detect both variants. Moreover, mild metabolic alterations related to carboxylase deficiency in profound BTD deficiency could result and possibly be revealed in the metabolic profile by tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) NBS. Here, we report the case of a newborn female infant with an initial suspected BTD deficiency at the NBS test, finally confirmed as a partial variant by molecular testing. Although BTD deficiency was partial, interestingly her metabolic profile at birth and during the follow-up tests revealed, for the first time, alterations in specific acylcarnitines as a possible result of the deficient activity of biotin-dependent carboxylases.