Doping control for nandrolone using hair analysis

Kintz, Pascal; Cirimele, Vincent; Dumestre-Toulet, Véronique; Ludes, Bertrand

doi:10.1016/s0731-7085(00)00570-7

Cited by 45 publications

(33 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…Turkiye Klinikleri J Foren Sci Leg Med 2018;15(1): [29][30][31][32][33][34][35][36][37][38] göre aynı dozda ilacın daha fazla biriktiği bildirilmiştir. 19 Rollins ve ark.…”

Section: Kilin Pi̇gmentasyonuunclassified

“…Saç analizinin intrauterin hayatta dahi çev-resel toksik maddelere maruziyetin değerlendirile-bilmesinde kullanılabilir olmasıdır. 2,34,35 6. Doping kontrolünde, ilacın kötüye kullanı-mının saptanmasında, klinik toksikoloji ve klinik kimya gibi geniş kullanım alanı bulunması, ayrıca ilaç kötüye kullanım tedavi programlarına uyumun değerlendirilmesinde uygun bir örnek olarak sayıl-masıdır.…”

Section: Saçta İlaç Ve Madde Analiziunclassified

“…35 Çünkü ilaç metabolizması dışında fizyolojiyle ilişkili bireysel farklılıklar mevcuttur. Saçın büyüme oranı, melaninin içeriği, yaşam tarzındaki farklılıklar, şam-puan kullanılması, güneşe maruz kalma miktarı, kozmetik kullanımı sonuçları etkileyebilmektedir.…”

Section: Saç Analizinin Dezavantajlarıunclassified

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Incorporation of Drug and Substances in Hair

Mutlu¹,

Aşıcıoğlu²

2018

Turkiye Klinikleri J Foren Sci Leg Med

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aç, homojen bir yapıya sahip gibi görünse de aslında oldukça karmaşık olan biyolojisi kısmen anlaşılmıştır.1 Memelilerde saç; protein (%65-95), su (%15-35), lipit (%1-9) ve minerallerden (<%1) oluşan deri eklerinden biridir. Saç şaftında korteksi çevreleyen bir kütikül bulunduğu gibi, bazı saç tiplerinde santral medullayı çevreleyen ilave bir kütikülde bulunmaktadır.2 Saç apokrin, sebase ve ter bezleriyle yakın ilişkide olan cildin A An na ah h t ta ar r K Ke e l li i m me e l le er r: : Saç; ilaç; birikim; kötüye kullanım A AB BS S T TR RA AC CT T In recent years hair has become a fundamental biological specimen, alternative to the usual samples blood and urine, for drug testing in the fields of forensic toxicology, clinical toxicology and clinical chemistry. Analytical results of drugs of abuse in hair provide useful information on chronic drug use. They are valuable to presume the history and severity of individual drug abuse and to provide supplementary information on drug use to facilitate interpretation of urine drug analysis. Hair testing has larger detection window. The sample collection is non-invasive. Another advantage of hair samples is that it can be stored at room temperature and do not need to be analyzed quickly after they are collected. Hair analysis is also used for detection of gestational drug exposure, doping control and detection of alcohol abuse. It has been reported that drugs are incorporated into hair by binding to such intracellular components as melanins, lipids, and proteins. It has been proposed that drugs and substances can enter into hair during at least 3 stages: from the blood during hair formation, from sweat and sebum, and from external environment. The aim of this review is to document and discuss the mechanisms of drug or substance accumulation in hair and its influencing factors, application of hair analysis.

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“…Turkiye Klinikleri J Foren Sci Leg Med 2018;15(1): [29][30][31][32][33][34][35][36][37][38] göre aynı dozda ilacın daha fazla biriktiği bildirilmiştir. 19 Rollins ve ark.…”

Section: Kilin Pi̇gmentasyonuunclassified

Section: Saçta İlaç Ve Madde Analiziunclassified

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Incorporation of Drug and Substances in Hair

Mutlu¹,

Aşıcıoğlu²

2018

Turkiye Klinikleri J Foren Sci Leg Med

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“…Despite these concerns expressed by the scientific community with respect to the role of hair drug-testing and the questions concerning scientific issues of hair testing that are still to be answered, hair testing has been applied in forensic investigations, historical research, autopsy, adoption and protective cases, exclusion of evidence, serial criminal cases, rape cases, doping control, as well as other scientific and/or legal cases (Tsatsakis, 1999;Baez et al, 2000;Clauwaert et al, 2000;Mahl et al, 2000;Ricossa et al, 2000;Kintz et al, 2001;Tsatsakis, 2001;Berti et al, 2003). The main use of hair analysis with respect to judicial applications lies within the frames of criminal and civil law.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Legal issues of addiction assessment: the experience with hair testing in Greece

Savvopoulos

Pallis

Tzatzarakis

et al. 2005

J of Applied Toxicology

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The purpose of this paper is to present Greek law and legislation for crimes and felonies regarding drugs of abuse and the interpretation of hair testing results with respect to Greek law. Details (such as the process, the decision and the competence of the Court, the police record, the indictment, the expert reports, the defendant's individuality, the crimes and the penal confrontal and many others) from legal cases related to toxicomany and its judicial verification were collected and analysed. Laboratory data of cases concerning the laboratory evaluation of toxicomany in addicts and also occasionally the legal course of cases with addict defendants are presented. In four representative cases segmental hair analysis proved that, for as long as the individuals were imprisoned, findings with drug substances corresponding to that period were lesser or practically absent compared with samples corresponding to the time out of prison, which showed increased drug abuse. Hair analysis provides information on chronic exposure rather than acute poisoning. Its detection window varies from some days to months or even years. The procedure that the law lays down in many cases is insufficient and in most cases impossible to abide by. When the medical examiner is not able to decide if the claim of toxicomany is real, segmental hair analysis may be the only way to prove it. In other cases where the medical examiner is able to diagnose the addiction, a segmental hair analysis is necessary because it can show long-term drug abuse.

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“…Because of its anabolizing properties it is widely used among sportsmen as a doping agent. Its practical use is due to the increase of lean body mass, strength, aggressiveness and a faster recovery time between athletic performances (Kintz et al, 2001). Antidoping analyses for nandrolone, according to the protocols set down by the International Olympic Committee (IOC), are based on the identification of its two principal urinary metabolites, which in humans are glucoronides of and 19-noretiocholanolone (19-NE) for which a limit of 2 ng/mL for males and 5 ng/mL for females has been fixed (Ozer and Temizer, 1997).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Testing for nandrolone metabolites in urine samples of professional athletes and sedentary subjects by GC/MS/MS analysis

Gambelunghe

Sommavilla

Rossi

2002

Biomedical Chromatography

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The concentrations of nandrolone metabolites, 19-norandrosterone (19-NA) and 19-noretiocholanolone (19-NE) were analysed in urine samples of professional athletes doing intense physical activity and sedentary subjects to verify if there was endogenous production of nandrolone and if there was any link between physical effort and the urinary metabolites of the steroid. We collected 18 urine samples from professional footballers age range 20-30 years, all from the same team, and 18 urine samples from males not doing any physical activity, age range 20-30 years. Neither group used nandrolone. Qualitative and quantitative analyses of urinary nandrolone metabolites were carried out by GC/MS followed by GC/MS/MS to confirm positive samples. This technique has been demonstrated to be an excellent analytical approach for the determination of anabolic steroids at very low detection limits in complex matrices such as urine. In five urine samples from professional footballers traces of 19-NA were detected. No trace of 19-NA was found in the group of sedentary subjects and no trace of 19-NE was found in any urine sample. The absence of nandrolone metabolites in sedentary subjects supports the hypothesis that the presence of 19-NA and 19-NE could be linked to physical effort even though the origin is not yet clear.

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Doping control for nandrolone using hair analysis

Cited by 45 publications

References 15 publications

Incorporation of Drug and Substances in Hair

Incorporation of Drug and Substances in Hair

Legal issues of addiction assessment: the experience with hair testing in Greece

Testing for nandrolone metabolites in urine samples of professional athletes and sedentary subjects by GC/MS/MS analysis

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