Legal issues of addiction assessment: the experience with hair testing in Greece

Abstract

The purpose of this paper is to present Greek law and legislation for crimes and felonies regarding drugs of abuse and the interpretation of hair testing results with respect to Greek law. Details (such as the process, the decision and the competence of the Court, the police record, the indictment, the expert reports, the defendant's individuality, the crimes and the penal confrontal and many others) from legal cases related to toxicomany and its judicial verification were collected and analysed. Laboratory data of cases concerning the laboratory evaluation of toxicomany in addicts and also occasionally the legal course of cases with addict defendants are presented. In four representative cases segmental hair analysis proved that, for as long as the individuals were imprisoned, findings with drug substances corresponding to that period were lesser or practically absent compared with samples corresponding to the time out of prison, which showed increased drug abuse. Hair analysis provides information on chronic exposure rather than acute poisoning. Its detection window varies from some days to months or even years. The procedure that the law lays down in many cases is insufficient and in most cases impossible to abide by. When the medical examiner is not able to decide if the claim of toxicomany is real, segmental hair analysis may be the only way to prove it. In other cases where the medical examiner is able to diagnose the addiction, a segmental hair analysis is necessary because it can show long-term drug abuse.

The relationship between stress and hair cortisol in healthy pregnant women

“…[18][19][20][21] A variety of drugs and endogenous substances have been accurately measured in hair, including: opiates, barbiturates, benzodiazepines, anabolic steroids, cocaine, nicotine and recently, cortisol and cortisone. [21][22][23][24][25] In clinical settings, hair drug levels have been used to assist in therapeutic drug monitoring. 24 A limited number of studies by the same principle authors have examined the incorporation and detection of cortisol in human hair.…”