Doppler sonography for evaluation of hemodynamic characteristics of fetal umbilicus in Beetal goats

Abstract

Aim:The objective of this study was to evaluate the hemodynamic characteristics of umbilical vessels in healthy pregnant Beetal goats.Materials and Methods:Doppler examinations were performed from day 20 to 120 of gestation, twice in week from day 20 to 60 and once in week from day 60 to 120 of gestation on six goats.Results:Free floating umbilical cord was identified on day 39 of gestation. The umbilical cord waveform was characterized by the simultaneous presence of arterial and venous flow. The pattern of blood flow in the umbilical artery was represented as saw tooth pattern above the baseline. Pattern of blood flow in umbilical vein was flat and wavy in nature; presented below the baseline. Peak systolic velocity (PSV) increased significantly from day 39 to 67 and further between 98 and 120 days of gestation (p<0.05), but there was no significant increase or decrease in end-diastolic velocity (EDV). Pulsatility index (PI) value was increased significantly during 42 to 48 days of gestation and decreased significantly from 98 to 105 days of gestation. On other days, there was no significant increase or decrease. Value of resistance index (RI) was more stable than PI values as there was no significant increase or decrease in RI value.Conclusions:From the present study, it is reasonable to conclude that the normal blood flow parameters like PI, RI, PSV and EDV during gestation might be helpful in assessment of antenatal development of fetus in the goat. This work provides the basis for further contribution in diagnosing and monitoring high-risk pregnancy in this species.

Doppler ultrasound measurements of the blood flow velocity in the fetal heart and aorta in Bulgarian White milk goats

“…In support of this, Kumar et al. (2015) found increased peak systolic rate of the umbilical artery in goats between the 39th and 120th day of pregnancy. Similar results were reported in dogs, cats, sheep and goats (Di Salvo et al., 2006; Elmetwally & Meinecke‐Tillmann, 2012; Scotti et al., 2008).…”

“…This can be explained by the increased aortic size during the last trimester of pregnancy and its increased resistance, respectively. In support of this,Kumar et al (2015) found increased peak systolic rate of the…”

“…There are almost no studies related to the monitoring of blood flow in the embryo–fetal heart and especially in the fetal aorta of goats. It was reported that the use of spectral Doppler made it possible to monitor the changes in the embryo–fetal blood circulation in goats (Kumar et al., 2015; Serin et al., 2010).…”

“…The application of Doppler ultrasonography in its three variants (colour Doppler, pulse Doppler and continuous wave Doppler) has been reported in mares (Bollwein et al., 2004), cows (Bollwein et al., 2000; Panarace et al., 2006), sheep (Panarace et al., 2008; Reed et al., 1996; Triosi et al., 2018), goats (Kumar et al., 2015; Serin et al., 2010), dogs (Alvarez‐Clau & Liste, 2005; Di Salvo et al., 2006; Köster et al., 2001) and cats (Scotti et al., 2008). In the last 15 years, colour Doppler ultrasonography has been increasingly used to study blood flow in cow reproduction (Bollwein et al., 2000, 2016; Herzog & Bollwein, 2007; Miyamoto et al., 2005).…”

“…By means of Doppler ultrasonography, Kumar et al. (2015) studied the haemodynamic characteristics of the umbilical cord in goats. There are no reported data from measurements of Doppler parameters characterising the blood flow velocity of the fetal heart and aorta in goats in Bulgaria.…”