Doppler ultrasonographic studies of the uterine blood flow in mares

Blaich, U; Petzold, S; Bartmann, C P; Lorber, K; Schoon, H-A; Raila, G; Bollwein, H.

doi:10.21836/pem19990611

Cited by 13 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 6 publications

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“…Age-related differences in RI were not observed in this study. In contrast, Blaich et al (1999) demonstrated that nonpregnant, older mares with Category IIB or III endometrial biopsy scores had higher UA RI than young, healthy mares. Grüninger et al (1998) suggested that pathological changes within the endometrial vasculature caused high vascular impedance, and is consistent with results from nonpregnant, infertile women (Dickey 1997;Ferreira et al 2007).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 68%

“…Doppler ultrasound is now being applied in equine reproduction. Nonpregnant, aged mares with endometrosis have high UA vascular resistance compared with young, reproductively healthy mares (Bollwein et al 1998;Blaich et al 1999). Age related degeneration of the equine endometrium may contribute to poor uterine perfusion but this has not been measured during pregnancy.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Nonpregnant, aged mares with endometrosis have high UA vascular resistance compared with young, reproductively healthy mares (Bollwein et al . 1998; Blaich et al . 1999).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Uterine haemodynamics in young and aged pregnant mares measured using Doppler ultrasonography

Ousey

Kölling

Newton

et al. 2012

Equine Veterinary Journal

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SummaryReason for performing study: Aged mares with endometrosis suffer higher rates of pregnancy loss than young mares, due to poor placental development. Reduced uterine blood supply may be one contributory factor. Objectives: To measure uterine artery (UA) blood flow and other Doppler indices throughout pregnancy and compare placental and foal development in young mares and aged mares. Methods: Thoroughbred mares were grouped according to age and endometrial biopsy score: 1) 6 young mares (mean age 7.3 years, Category I); 2) 6 aged mares (mean age 18.3 years, Category II). Vascular pathology was nil or mild except in one aged mare with moderate perivasculitis. Both UA were scanned fortnightly throughout pregnancy. Total blood flow volume (BFV, ml/min/kg bwt), peak systolic velocity (PSV, cm/s) and resistance index (RI) were determined by pulsed wave, Doppler ultrasound and UA diameter using B-mode. Mixed-effects regression analyses were used to relate vascular parameters with different predictive variables, whilst accounting for the multiple repeated measurements taken from individual horses through the duration of their pregnancies. Results: PSV, RI and total BFV were best predicted by stage of pregnancy (P<0.001; r 2 >78%). The UA diameter was also associated with stage of pregnancy (P<0.001; r 2 = 87%) and was significantly greater in the gravid horn (P<0.001). There was a tendency for lower total BFV in older mares (P<0.05) and they delivered lighter foals than young mares (P<0.05). Gross placental morphometry was similar, but microscopic surface density of the microvilli was lower (P<0.02), in aged than young mares. Conclusions and potential relevance: Increased uterine blood flow and decreased vascular resistance reflect fetal growth and development of the placental microcirculation. Older mares have poorer placental microvillus development and lighter foals with reduced UA blood flow. Poor uterine blood flow may be an important contributory factor for pregnancy loss in aged mares.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 68%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Uterine haemodynamics in young and aged pregnant mares measured using Doppler ultrasonography

Ousey

Kölling

Newton

et al. 2012

Equine Veterinary Journal

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“…It is noninvasive, can be rapidly performed and is a valuable predictor of pre‐eclampsia and intrauterine growth retardation well before clinical signs of disease are evident. Studies in the horse have established normal values for blood flow in the uterine arteries of the nongravid and gravid horns throughout pregnancy . Significant changes in blood flow of the ipsilateral and contralateral uterine arteries have been reported at the time of experimentally induced embryonic death in the horse .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

B‐mode andDoppler ultrasonography in pony mares with experimentally induced ascending placentitis

Bailey

Heitzman

Buchanan

et al. 2012

Equine Veterinary Journal

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SummaryReasons for performing study: Early, accurate diagnosis of ascending placentitis in mares remains a key challenge for successful treatment of the disease. Doppler ultrasonography has shown promise as a tool to diagnose pregnancy abnormalities and is becoming more available to equine clinicians. However, to date, no studies have prospectively compared this technique to standard B-mode measurement of the combined thickness of the uterus and placenta (CTUP). Objectives:The objective of the current study was to compare Doppler and B-mode ultrasonography for the detection of experimentally-induced ascending placentitis in mares. Methods: Eleven healthy pony mares in late gestation were used in this study. Placentitis was induced in 6 mares between Days 280 and 295, while 5 mares served as negative controls. All mares were intensively monitored until delivery. Fetal heart rate, CTUP, uterine artery blood flow (resistance index, pulsatility index, arterial diameter and total arterial blood flow) and physical examination findings were recorded at each examination. Mares with an increased CTUP above published values were treated in accordance with published recommendations. Foals and fetal membranes were examined at birth. Ultrasonographic parameters were compared between groups using ANOVA. Foal viability and histological presence of placentitis were compared using a Fisher's exact test. Results: The CTUP was increased above normal in 5 of 6 inoculated mares within 3 days after inoculation (P = 0.05). The sixth inoculated mare was excluded from subsequent data analysis. Uterine artery blood flow, physical examination findings and fetal heart rate were not different between groups. Gradual increases in CTUP, arterial diameter and total arterial blood flow were detected with increasing gestational age in the control mares (P = 0.02, P = 0.00001 and P = 0.00001, respectively). Conclusion: The CTUP, but not uterine blood flow, was different between groups (P = 0.00001). Recorded CTUP values for control pony mares were similar to previously published values for light breed horses.

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“…The alterations are closely related to endometrosis and result in a decreased endometrial perfusion and drainage (Schoon et al 1997a, 1999a. Blaich et al (1999) demonstrated by Doppler sonography that a marked fibrosis in the A. uterina is associated with an enhanced vascular resistance. Furthermore, endometrial angiopathies have (Kersten 2000, Schoon and.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Endometrial biopsies of old mares – What to expect?!

Kabisch¹,

Klose²,

Schoon³

2019

PHK

Self Cite

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Based on the ageing of the equine population, the number of old mares presented for breeding will also increase. However, aged mares frequently exhibit fertility problems. The objective of this study was a detailed histomorphological characterisation of endometrial biopsies of old mares to identify causes for their reduced fertility. For this purpose 819 endometrial biopsies of 814 old mares (minimum age: 20 years) submitted to the Institute of Pathology (Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig) between 1993 and 2014 and the related anamnestic data were evaluated retrospectively. The study comprised a detailed histomorphological characterisation of endometrial alterations by haemalaun and eosin (H.E.) stain, the categorisation of the cases according to Kenney and Doig (1986) without or in consideration of the duration of barrenness and, for some randomly selected samples (n = 157), an assessment by Picro-Sirius Red stain for further investigation of degenerative angiopathies. Most of the cases were assigned to categories IIb and III (83 %) without consideration of the duration of barrenness or category III (68 %) in consideration of the duration of barrenness. The categorisation of the cases was based on the occurrence of endometrosis and, to a lesser extent, endometritis. In contrast, an endometrial atrophy or lymphatic lacunae were not observed in any sample. Nearly all biopsies (97 %) showed endometrosis which was mostly moderate. Endometritis was diagnosed in 49 % of all samples. The inflammation was predominantly mild and non-suppurative (subclinical). Histopathological findings which are not considered in the categorisation system of Kenney and Doig (1986) were frequently detected. This comprised degenerative lesions of blood vessels (angiosclerosis; 89 % of all samples; mostly moderate to severe), periglandular accentuated mononuclear inflammatory cell infiltrates (PAMC; 58 % of all samples; mostly mild), perivasculitis (43 % of all samples; mostly mild) and 16 % of all samples showed signs of endometrial maldifferentiation. The endometrium of old mares predominantly exhibited a mixture of endometrial alterations: mostly marked degenerative lesions (endometrosis and angiosclerosis), predominantly mild inflammatory processes (endometritis, PAMC and perivasculitis) and, to a lesser extent, functional disturbances. These findings are only partially considered in the evaluation scheme of Kenney and Doig (1986). However, histopathological findings which were left out of the categorisation scheme so far (e.g. angiosclerosis and other functional disorders than endometrial atrophy) also directly or at least indirectly influence the fertility of a mare. Therefore, these findings as well as the age of the mare have also to be evaluated for a precise prediction of the reproductive potential of the old mare. In any case the endometrial biopsy can be helpful for the owner or the veterinarian to decide whether breeding an old mare is an acceptable risk, especially in mares whose reproduction potential is c...

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Doppler ultrasonographic studies of the uterine blood flow in mares

Cited by 13 publications

References 6 publications

Uterine haemodynamics in young and aged pregnant mares measured using Doppler ultrasonography

Uterine haemodynamics in young and aged pregnant mares measured using Doppler ultrasonography

B‐mode andDoppler ultrasonography in pony mares with experimentally induced ascending placentitis

Endometrial biopsies of old mares – What to expect?!

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