Dose-Dependent Associations of Dietary Glycemic Index, Glycemic Load, and Fiber With 3-Year Weight Loss Maintenance and Glycemic Status in a High-Risk Population: A Secondary Analysis of the Diabetes Prevention Study PREVIEW

Zhu, Ruixin; Larsen, Thomas Meinert; Fogelholm, Mikael; Poppitt, Sally D.; Vestentoft, Pia Siig; Silvestre, Marta P.; Jalo, Elli; Navas‐Carretero, Santiago; Huttunen‐Lenz, Maija; Taylor, Moira A.; Stratton, Gareth; Swindell, Nils; Drummen, Mathijs; Adam, Tanja C.; Ritz, Christian; Sundvall, Jouko; Valsta, Liisa; Muirhead, Roslyn; Brodie, Shannon; Handjieva‐Darlenska, Teodora; Handjiev, Svetoslav; Martínéz, J. Alfredo; Macdonald, Ian A.; Westerterp-Plantenga, Margriet S.; Brand-Miller, Jennie; Raben, Anne

doi:10.2337/dc20-3092

Cited by 17 publications

(8 citation statements)

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“…PBDs rich in healthy components have higher dietary fiber and micronutrients as well as lower energy, GI, and glycemic load [27]. In a previous secondary analysis of the PREVIEW study, we found positive associations between GI, glycemic load, and weight regain during WLM [34].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 59%

Adherence to a Plant-Based Diet and Consumption of Specific Plant Foods—Associations with 3-Year Weight-Loss Maintenance and Cardiometabolic Risk Factors: A Secondary Analysis of the PREVIEW Intervention Study

et al. 2021

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Plant-based diets are recommended by dietary guidelines. This secondary analysis aimed to assess longitudinal associations of an overall plant-based diet and specific plant foods with weight-loss maintenance and cardiometabolic risk factors. Longitudinal data on 710 participants (aged 26–70 years) with overweight or obesity and pre-diabetes from the 3-year weight-loss maintenance phase of the PREVIEW intervention were analyzed. Adherence to an overall plant-based diet was evaluated using a novel plant-based diet index, where all plant-based foods received positive scores and all animal-based foods received negative scores. After adjustment for potential confounders, linear mixed models with repeated measures showed that the plant-based diet index was inversely associated with weight regain, but not with cardiometabolic risk factors. Nut intake was inversely associated with regain of weight and fat mass and increments in total cholesterol and LDL cholesterol. Fruit intake was inversely associated with increments in diastolic blood pressure, total cholesterol, and LDL cholesterol. Vegetable intake was inversely associated with an increment in diastolic blood pressure and triglycerides and was positively associated with an increase in HDL cholesterol. All reported associations with cardiometabolic risk factors were independent of weight change. Long-term consumption of nuts, fruits, and vegetables may be beneficial for weight management and cardiometabolic health, whereas an overall plant-based diet may improve weight management only.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 59%

Adherence to a Plant-Based Diet and Consumption of Specific Plant Foods—Associations with 3-Year Weight-Loss Maintenance and Cardiometabolic Risk Factors: A Secondary Analysis of the PREVIEW Intervention Study

et al. 2021

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“…Studies on the effect of GI on appetite are equivocal and controversial. A secondary observational analysis of the PREVIEW cohort found that participants in the lowest tertile of GI and glycemic load regained less weight over 3 years than the highest tertile (49). A review of short-term and mediumterm studies (<1-year) found that short studies did not support an acute effect of GI on satiety, whereas the findings of longer studies were mixed (50).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A High-Protein, Low Glycemic Index Diet Suppresses Hunger but Not Weight Regain After Weight Loss: Results From a Large, 3-Years Randomized Trial (PREVIEW)

et al. 2021

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Background: Previous studies have shown an increase in hunger during weight-loss maintenance (WLM) after diet-induced weight loss. Whether a combination of a higher protein, lower glycemic index (GI) diet and physical activity (PA) can counteract this change remains unclear.Aim: To compare the long-term effects of two diets [high protein (HP)-low GI vs. moderate protein (MP)-moderate GI] and two PA programs [high intensity (HI) vs. moderate intensity (MI)] on subjective appetite sensations during WLM after ≥8% weight loss (WL).Methods: Data derived from the 3-years PREVIEW randomized intervention study. An 8-weeks WL phase using a low-energy diet was followed by a 148-weeks randomized WLM phase. For the WLM phase, participants were assigned to one of the four groups: HP-MI, HP-HI, MP-MI, and MP-HI. Available data from 2,223 participants with overweight or obesity (68% women; BMI ≥ 25 kg/m2). Appetite sensations including satiety, hunger, desire to eat, and desire to eat something sweet during the two phases (at 0, 8 weeks and 26, 52, 104, and 156 weeks) were assessed based on the recall of feelings during the previous week using visual analogue scales. Differences in changes in appetite sensations from baseline between the groups were determined using linear mixed models with repeated measures.Results: There was no significant diet × PA interaction. From 52 weeks onwards, decreases in hunger were significantly greater in HP-low GI than MP-moderate GI (Ptime × diet = 0.018, Pdietgroup = 0.021). Although there was no difference in weight regain between the diet groups (Ptime × diet = 0.630), hunger and satiety ratings correlated with changes in body weight at most timepoints. There were no significant differences in appetite sensations between the two PA groups. Decreases in hunger ratings were greater at 52 and 104 weeks in HP-HI vs. MP-HI, and greater at 104 and 156 weeks in HP-HI vs. MP-MI.Conclusions: This is the first long-term, large-scale randomized intervention to report that a HP-low GI diet was superior in preventing an increase in hunger, but not weight regain, during 3-years WLM compared with a MP-moderate GI diet. Similarly, HP-HI outperformed MP-HI in suppressing hunger. The role of exercise intensity requires further investigation.Clinical Trial Registration:www.ClinicalTrials.gov, identifier: NCT01777893.

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“…The study was approved at all intervention centres by the local human research ethics committees and was conducted in accordance with the latest revision of the Declaration of Helsinki (59th WMA General Assembly, Seoul, Republic of Korea, October 2008). University of Sydney: HREC approval on 24 The main outcomes of interest were fasting plasma glucose, insulin, and C-peptide concentrations, and glycated hemoglobin A 1c (HbA 1c ) measured at each time point. The secondary outcomes of interest were fat mass, waist circumference, and BMI.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The PREVIEW (PREVention of diabetes through lifestyle Intervention and population studies in Europe and around the World) study was a long-term randomised controlled weight loss maintenance trial designed to test the effects of four diet and physical activity interventions in a 2 × 2 factorial design on the incidence of T2D in individuals with overweight or obesity and pre-diabetes after an initial 8-week weight loss period on a predominately liquid low-energy diet [23]. In post hoc analyses of PREVIEW, dietary GI and GL were positively associated with weight regain and deteriorating glycaemic status [24]. The aim of the present secondary analysis was to investigate longitudinal associations of added, free and total sugars intakes [25], as well as GI as a comparator, with indices of glucose metabolism (IGM) (fasting plasma glucose, insulin, C-peptide and HbA 1c ) and indices of body fat (IBF) (total body fat, waist circumference, and BMI) during a 3-year weight loss maintenance phase in those centres that provided data on added and/or free sugars.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Longitudinal Associations of Dietary Sugars and Glycaemic Index with Indices of Glucose Metabolism and Body Fatness during 3-Year Weight Loss Maintenance: A PREVIEW Sub-Study

et al. 2023

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Background: Dietary sugars are often linked to the development of overweight and type 2 diabetes (T2D) but inconsistencies remain. Objective: We investigated associations of added, free, and total sugars, and glycaemic index (GI) with indices of glucose metabolism (IGM) and indices of body fatness (IBF) during a 3-year weight loss maintenance intervention. Design: The PREVIEW (PREVention of diabetes through lifestyle Intervention and population studies in Europe and around the World) study was a randomised controlled trial designed to test the effects of four diet and physical activity interventions, after an 8-week weight-loss period, on the incidence of T2D. This secondary observational analysis included pooled data assessed at baseline (8), 26, 52, 104 and 156 weeks from 514 participants with overweight/obesity (age 25–70 year; BMI ≥ 25 kg⋅m−2) and with/without prediabetes in centres that provided data on added sugars (Sydney and Helsinki) or free sugars (Nottingham). Linear mixed models with repeated measures were applied for IBF (total body fat, BMI, waist circumference) and for IGM (fasting insulin, HbA1c, fasting glucose, C-peptide). Model A was adjusted for age and intervention centre and Model B additionally adjusted for energy, protein, fibre, and saturated fat. Results: Total sugars were inversely associated with fasting insulin and C-peptide in all centres, and free sugars were inversely associated with fasting glucose and HbA1c (Model B: all p < 0.05). Positive associations were observed between GI and IGM (Model B: fasting insulin, HbA1c, and C-peptide: (all p < 0.01), but not for added sugars. Added sugar was positively associated with body fat percentage and BMI, and GI was associated with waist circumference (Model B: all p < 0.01), while free sugars showed no associations (Model B: p > 0.05). Conclusions: Our findings suggest that added sugars and GI were independently associated with 3-y weight regain, but only GI was associated with 3-y changes in glucose metabolism in individuals at high risk of T2D.

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Dose-Dependent Associations of Dietary Glycemic Index, Glycemic Load, and Fiber With 3-Year Weight Loss Maintenance and Glycemic Status in a High-Risk Population: A Secondary Analysis of the Diabetes Prevention Study PREVIEW

Cited by 17 publications

References 42 publications

Adherence to a Plant-Based Diet and Consumption of Specific Plant Foods—Associations with 3-Year Weight-Loss Maintenance and Cardiometabolic Risk Factors: A Secondary Analysis of the PREVIEW Intervention Study

Adherence to a Plant-Based Diet and Consumption of Specific Plant Foods—Associations with 3-Year Weight-Loss Maintenance and Cardiometabolic Risk Factors: A Secondary Analysis of the PREVIEW Intervention Study

A High-Protein, Low Glycemic Index Diet Suppresses Hunger but Not Weight Regain After Weight Loss: Results From a Large, 3-Years Randomized Trial (PREVIEW)

Longitudinal Associations of Dietary Sugars and Glycaemic Index with Indices of Glucose Metabolism and Body Fatness during 3-Year Weight Loss Maintenance: A PREVIEW Sub-Study

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