Objective To provide a systematic overview of world dietary sugar and sugar-sweetened beverage (SSB) intake trends in children and adolescents. Data Sources Medline, Embase, and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials in the Cochrane Library were searched through January 2019 to identify longitudinal follow-up studies with time-trend data and repeated cross-sectional studies. Data Extraction Data from studies reporting ≥ 2 measurements (sugars, SSB, or sweets/candy) over ≥ 2 years and included ≥ 20 healthy, normal- or overweight children or adolescents aged 1–19 years. Data Analysis Data from 43 articles (n = 4 prospective cohort studies; n = 39 repeated cross-sectional studies) from 15 countries (n = 8 European countries plus Australia, Canada, China, South Korea, Mexico, Russia, and the United States) are presented narratively. According to the risk of bias in nonrandomized studies of interventions tool, 34 studies were judged to have a moderate risk of bias, and 5 to have a serious risk of bias. Conclusions Consumption among US children and adolescents increased substantially in the decades preceding 2000, followed by a faster and continued decline. As a whole, other international intake trends did not reveal drastic increases and decreases in SSB and dietary sugars; they tended to change only slightly across 3 decades.

Background & aims: To date, the prevalence of Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) in China was 17.5%. Given the substantial relevance of GDM for medium-and long-term health of both mother and offspring and the paucity of existing data on the link between maternal diet and glucose homeostasis during pregnancy in Asian population, additional studies are needed. To examine the relevance of dietary glycemic index (GI), glycemic load (GL) and fiber intake before and during pregnancy for the development of GDM and glucose homeostasis over the course of pregnancy. Methods: Cox proportional hazards analysis and linear mixed effects regressions were performed on data from 9317 women for whom three food frequency questionnaires (pre-pregnancy, 1 st and 2 nd trimesters) and biochemical measures during pregnancy were available. Investigated outcome variables included GDM risk, fasting plasma glucose (FPG), glycated hemoglobin (HbA 1C ), and homeostasis model assessment insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) in the 1st, 2nd and 3rd trimesters. Results: Women in the highest tertile of dietary GI (or GL) before pregnancy, in the 1 st , or the 2 nd trimester respectively had a 12% (15%), 25% (23%) or 29% (25%) higher risk of developing GDM than those in the lowest tertile (all p for trend 0.02). Women with the highest dietary fiber intake before pregnancy, in the 1st or 2nd trimester had a 11%, 17% or 18% lower GDM risk (all p for trend 0.03). Moreover, increases in GI or GL and decreases in fiber intake over the course of pregnancy (1 st to 3 rd trimesters) were independently associated with adverse concurrent developments in FPG, HbA 1C and HOMA-IR (p 0.03). Conclusions: Our study indicates that dietary GI, GL and fiber intake before and during pregnancy affects glucose homeostasis of pregnant Chinese women.

Purpose To examine the association between fructose intake in adolescence and fatty liver indices (hepatic steatosis index (HSI), fatty liver index (FLI)) in young adulthood. Methods Overall, 246 participants of the Dortmund Nutritional and Anthropometric Longitudinally Designed (DONALD) study who had a fasting blood sample in adulthood (18–36 years), at least two 3-day weighed dietary records for calculating fructose intakes and other fructose-containing sugars (total (TS), free (FS), added sugar (AS)) as well as two complete 24-h urine samples for calculating sugar excretion (fructose excretion (FE), fructose + sucrose excretion (FE + SE)) in adolescence (males: 9.5–16.5 years; females: 8.5–15.5 years) were analysed using multivariable linear regression analyses. Results On the level of dietary intake, no prospective associations were observed between adolescent fructose intake and both adult fatty liver indices, whereas higher FS intakes were associated with lower levels of HSI (Ptrend = 0.02) and FLI (Ptrend = 0.03). On the urinary excretion level, however, a higher FE (Ptrend = 0.03) and FE + SE (Ptrend = 0.01) in adolescence were prospectively related to higher adult FLI values. No associations were observed between adolescent sugar excretion and adult HSI. Conclusion The present study does not provide unambiguous support for a detrimental impact of adolescent fructose intake on adult liver health. Nonetheless, further examinations estimating exposure by means of urinary excretion as well as dietary intake levels appear warranted.

Background: Pregnancy and birth cohorts addressing maternal nutrition and its impact on health outcomes have been rare in China, especially in Southwest China. Objectives: To describe the design, implementation, baseline characteristics, and initial results of the Nutrition in Pregnancy and Growth in Southwest China (NPGSC) cohort. Population: Pregnant women with their children in Southwest China. Design: NPGSC participants have been prospectively recruited since 2014. Pregnant women were invited to participate in the study at their first routine ultrasound examination in gestational weeks 9-11. Data were assessed three times during pregnancy (9-11, 20-22, and 33-35 gestation weeks), and eight times in infants and toddlers. Methods: Pre-pregnancy body weight and height were self-reported; gestational weight gain was measured at regular intervals. Both food frequency questionnaires (FFQ) and 24-hour dietary recalls were used to collect dietary intakes during pregnancy, and FFQ for diet before pregnancy. Information on pregnancy outcomes was extracted from the medical birth registry. Anthropometry of children in the first 3 years of life was measured by trained investigators. Other child outcomes, including feeding practices (self-reported by mothers) and cognitive development (assessed by the Chinese version of Ages and Stages Questionnaire), were recorded. Preliminary results: Between 2014 and 2018, 12 989 pregnant women were enrolled, and 2296 children completed the 3 years follow-up. Among them, 115 pregnancies ended in stillbirth. Mean maternal pre-pregnancy BMI was 21.1 kg/m 2 and mean gestational weight gain was 13.5 kg 18.6% of mothers developed gestational diabetes and 1.5% of mothers were diagnosed with preeclampsia. Mean birthweight and birth length of children were, respectively, 3329 g and 49.4 cm. Conclusion: We built a prospective cohort in Southwest China, which can provide valuable data to investigate the relevance of nutrition for the health of mothers and children. This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited and is not used for commercial purposes.