Dose-response relationship between dietary magnesium intake, serum magnesium concentration and risk of hypertension: a systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies

Abstract

BackgroundThe findings of prospective cohort studies are inconsistent regarding the association between dietary magnesium intake and serum magnesium concentration and the risk of hypertension. We aimed to review the evidence from prospective cohort studies and perform a dose-response meta-analysis to investigate the relationship between dietary magnesium intake and serum magnesium concentrations and the risk of hypertension.MethodsWe searched systematically PubMed, EMBASE and the Cochrane Library databases from October 1951 through June 2016. Prospective cohort studies reporting effect estimates with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for hypertension in more than two categories of dietary magnesium intake and/or serum magnesium concentrations were included. Random-effects models were used to combine the estimated effects.ResultsNine articles (six on dietary magnesium intake, two on serum magnesium concentration and one on both) of ten cohort studies, including 20,119 cases of hypertension and 180,566 participates, were eligible for inclusion in the meta-analysis. We found an inverse association between dietary magnesium intake and the risk of hypertension [relative risk (RR) = 0.92; 95% CI: 0.86, 0.98] comparing the highest intake group with the lowest. A 100 mg/day increment in magnesium intake was associated with a 5% reduction in the risk of hypertension (RR = 0.95; 95% CI: 0.90, 1.00). The association of serum magnesium concentration with the risk of hypertension was marginally significant (RR = 0.91; 95% CI: 0.80, 1.02).ConclusionsCurrent evidence supports the inverse dose-response relationship between dietary magnesium intake and the risk of hypertension. However, the evidence about the relationship between serum magnesium concentration and hypertension is limited.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12937-017-0247-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Comparative effects of different dietary approaches on blood pressure in hypertensive and pre-hypertensive patients: A systematic review and network meta-analysis

“…Anti-hypertensive effects of DASH dietary components are biologically plausible, given the high intake of constituents like phytochemicals and nutrients such as magnesium, potassium, calcium, lactotripeptides, selenium, zinc, antioxidants, vitamins, unsaturated fatty acid, and fibre which have been shown to lower blood pressure (Alonso et al 2006;Appel et al 2006;Fekete, Givens, and Lovegrove 2015;Han et al 2017;Houston 2011;Schwingshackl, Strasser, and Hoffmann 2011;Whelton et al 2005).…”

Circulating magnesium levels and incidence of coronary heart diseases, hypertension, and type 2 diabetes mellitus: a meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies

“…A number of prospective cohort studies have examined the association between circulating Mg levels and incidence of CHD [ 23 – 27 ], hypertension [ 26 , 28 , 29 ], or T2DM [ 11 , 30 – 32 ], but the findings are inconsistent and inconclusive. One recent meta-analysis examined both dietary intake of Mg and circulating Mg levels with the risk of CHD found an inverse association [ 33 ]. Earlier, two meta-analyses found that circulating Mg concentrations were inversely related to the risk of CVD [ 13 , 34 ].…”

Magnesium: An Important Orphan

“…Combining all trial results demonstrates a 3-4/2-3 mm Hg systolic/diastolic blood pressure reduction within 3-24 weeks postintervention. 31 Supporting these data, Guerrero-Romero et al observed in a cross-sectional study of otherwise healthy Mexican children (n ¼ 3954) that serum magnesium levels ,1.8 mg/dL were associated with prehypertension and hypertension, defined as blood pressures exceeding the age range-specific 95th percentile. 32 The importance of maintaining magnesium levels in hypertensive patients who are often diabetic should not be forgotten.…”