Double-frequency ground penetrating radar for measurement of ice thickness and water depth in rivers and canals: Development, verification and application

Fu, Hui; Liu, Zhiping; Guo, Xiumei; Cui, H. T.

doi:10.1016/j.coldregions.2018.06.017

Cited by 20 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…where h y ( ) is the flow depth at the location y. Equations ( 7), (8), and (9) are the main equations for estimating discharge and streamwise velocity distributions in both open and ice-covered flows, similar to the procedure given in Shen and Ackermann (1980), but consider the effect of α coefficient. The cross-sectional geometry, that is, the flow depth distribution can be obtained either by depth measurements through drilled holes on the cover along the cross-section or using the double-frequency ground-penetrating radar (Fu et al, 2018). Equation ( 7) can be used to calculate the total discharge with one measured unit-width discharge.…”

Section: Governing Equationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Transverse flow distributions in ice‐covered channels

Pan

Guo

Shen

et al. 2023

River

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Traditional discharge measurements in ice‐covered river channels are time‐consuming and costly, thus limiting the elucidation of flow patterns during winter. This study proposes an analytical model for quantifying the transverse distributions of the unit‐width discharge and the depth‐averaged streamwise velocity in ice‐covered channels by extending an existing stream‐tube method to include the effects of cover and bed roughness and cross‐sectional geometry. A new set of equations are obtained for this extended method. An empirical coefficient α is included to lump the effects of the shape and friction factors of the ice cover and the channel bed. The model is compared with flume experiments and field data for fully and partially ice‐covered flows to examine the variation of the coefficient α.

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Section: Governing Equationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Transverse flow distributions in ice‐covered channels

Pan

Guo

Shen

et al. 2023

River

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“…Ice thickness is usually measured using contact and non-contact methods. Contact measurement methods include manual drilling, and the use of resistance heating wires and pressure sensors [10]. Although the above methods are accurate, they have shortcomings such as low efficiency, poor operational safety, poor mobility, etc., making it difficult to achieve continuous observation in the region with these approaches.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ice Thickness Assessment of Non-Freshwater Lakes in the Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau Based on Unmanned Aerial Vehicle-Borne Ice-Penetrating Radar: A Case Study of Qinghai Lake and Gahai Lake

Jin,

Yao,

Wei

et al. 2024

Remote Sensing

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Ice thickness has a significant effect on the physical and biogeochemical processes of a lake, and it is an integral focus of research in the field of ice engineering. The Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau, known as the Third Pole of the world, contains numerous lakes. Compared with some information, such as the area, water level, and ice phenology of its lakes, the ice thickness of these lakes remains poorly understood. In this study, we used an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) with a 400/900 MHz ice-penetrating radar to detect the ice thickness of Qinghai Lake and Gahai Lake. Two observation fields were established on the western side of Qinghai Lake and Gahai Lake in January 2019 and January 2021, respectively. Based on the in situ ice thickness and the propagation time of the radar, the accuracy of the ice thickness measurements of these two non-freshwater lakes was comprehensively assessed. The results indicate that pre-processed echo images from the UAV-borne ice-penetrating radar identified non-freshwater lake ice, and we were thus able to accurately calculate the propagation time of radar waves through the ice. The average dielectric constants of Qinghai Lake and Gahai Lake were 4.3 and 4.6, respectively. This means that the speed of the radar waves that propagated through the ice of the non-freshwater lake was lower than that of the radio waves that propagated through the freshwater lake. The antenna frequency of the radar also had an impact on the accuracy of ice thickness modeling. The RMSEs were 0.034 m using the 400 MHz radar and 0.010 m using the 900 MHz radar. The radar with a higher antenna frequency was shown to provide greater accuracy in ice thickness monitoring, but the control of the UAV’s altitude and speed should be addressed.

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“…A range of investigations have also used GPR to measure snow thickness [17][18][19], and this approach has also been applied to snowpack analysis to determine physical properties, measure liquid water content [20][21][22], estimate density [23][24][25], and determine snow water equivalent [26,27]. Applications of GPR to river [28][29][30], sea [31], and reservoir ice [32] have primarily focused on thickness measurements and the detection of floating or grounded ice conditions [33,34]. Because the dielectric permittivities of ice (ε = 3-4), freshwater (ε = 81), and sediment (ε = 5-40) contrast greatly with one another, GPR can be used to detect the ice-water and water-sediment interface via changes in electromagnetic (EM) signals when highfrequency waves penetrate through these boundaries.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Influence of the Internal Properties of River Ice on Ground Penetrating Radar Propagation

Han

et al. 2023

Water

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Ground penetrating radar (GPR) has proven to be a very effective method for examining ice thickness. However, two preconditions must be met for this approach to be useful; the round-trip travel time of electromagnetic (EM) waves and radar transmission speed in the ice must be known. These issues are problematic because many factors affect radar transmission speed in ice, including impurities, physical properties such as porosity and density, and temperature. Results show that if these factors are not taken into account and a signal velocity of 0.17 m/ns in pure ice is used to estimate thickness, overestimates will result. We carried out a series of GPR surveys using dual channel host 200 MHz shielded antennas at the Toudaoguai Hydrological Station on the Yellow River, China, and collected samples to analyze ice impurities and physical properties. The results show that the ice crystal types include frazil, granular, and column at the Toudaoguai Hydrologic Station section. Our analysis of ice gas bubble and sediment content showed that the gas bubble volume content is between 11.95 and 13.0% in the frazil ice and between 7.9% and 8.6% in granular and columnar ice. At the same time, the ice sediment content ranged between 0.11‰ and 0.57‰, and the average was 0.24‰ in granular and columnar ice, which was about one-tenth that of the suspended sediment concentration in water. Additionally, a combination of GPR data as well as ice impurities, porosity, density, and temperature enabled us to provide insights on the variability of radar transmission speed and the equivalent dielectric permittivity in river ice. Our extensive observations reveal that radar transmission speed falls between 0.141 m/ns and 0.164 m/ns and that the equivalent dielectric permittivity of river ice increases in concert with ice temperature.

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Double-frequency ground penetrating radar for measurement of ice thickness and water depth in rivers and canals: Development, verification and application

Cited by 20 publications

References 17 publications

Transverse flow distributions in ice‐covered channels

Transverse flow distributions in ice‐covered channels

Ice Thickness Assessment of Non-Freshwater Lakes in the Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau Based on Unmanned Aerial Vehicle-Borne Ice-Penetrating Radar: A Case Study of Qinghai Lake and Gahai Lake

The Influence of the Internal Properties of River Ice on Ground Penetrating Radar Propagation

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