Research Highlights Dendrimer-aptamer conjugates Polymer-aptamer conjugates Delivery aptamers Cancer Aptamers are RNA or DNA oligonucleotides interacting to form unique 3D target conformations with high affinity and specificity, and are emerging as a powerful class of ligands for therapeutic applications. In addition, dendrimers are well-defined nano-sized symmetric polymeric molecules. In this review, we provide an analysis of the use of dendrimers modified with aptamers as nonviral vectors to specifically target tumor cells. Various anticancer agents have been encapsulated with dendrimers complexing with aptamers, including epirubicin, camptothecin, Bcl-xL short hairpin (sh)RNA, and 5-fluorouracil rhodamine-labeled dextran. Other types of polymeric nanoparticle (NP)-aptamer bioconjugates have also been developed and loaded with Pt(IV) derivatives, to target specific tumor cells. Keywords: dendrimer space; aptamers; polymeric nanoparticles; drug delivery. Teaser: We discuss the development of dendrimer-and polymeric nanoparticle-aptamer bioconjugates as a new approach in medicine Aptamer-based tools for therapeutic monitoring for precision therapy Aptamer comes from the Latin 'aptare' meaning to fit together or join, and from the Greek 'meros' meaning part. A nucleic acid aptamer is a short chain of artificial oligonucleotides of RNA or single-stranded DNA with a variable region of ~40-100 nucleotide bases [1]. Their unique, flexible 3D structure, and their high affinity and specificity with ligand-binding capabilities, are strongly related to their sequence. These important characteristics increase their ability to differentiate between targets. In contrast to antibodies, aptamers can bind to functional domains of their cognate target protein (e.g., substrate binding pockets and allosteric sites) ( Figure 1) [2]. Aptamers are considered to be 'smart ligands' and are often named 'nucleic acid antibodies'. The binding between aptamers and user-defined targets occurs through electrostatic interactions, which result in their versatility. The strong binding affinity and exceptional specificity induces a nano-or pico-molar dissociation constant (Kd). Their targets vary from small ions, such as Zn 2+, and large proteins, such as coagulation factor VIII, to whole cells, viruses, and tissues [3]. J o u r n a l P r e -p r o o f