Dourine: a neglected disease of equids

Gizaw, Yonas; Megersa, Mulisa; Fayera, Teka

doi:10.1007/s11250-017-1280-1

Cited by 46 publications

(37 citation statements)

References 48 publications

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“…T. equiperdum is present in the blood and tissue fluids of infected horses in small numbers, so its identification is difficult. Moreover, T. equiperdum is morphologically very similar to T. evansi 3,11 . Genetic markers for the differential diagnosis between dourine and surra are under evaluation; to date no T. equiperdum-specific PCR method is available 3 .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 94%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 94%

“…Recent outbreaks of trypanosomosis in Europe, as dourine in Italy 8 and surra in Grand Canaria, Spain and France 9 , 10 caused, respectively, by imported infected horses and camels, highlight the risk of importation of equine trypanosomosis into non-endemic countries. In spite of important economic losses caused by equine trypanosomoses, they can still be considered as neglected diseases 11 . Epidemiological investigations highlighted that knowledge of pathogenesis of dourine and host–pathogen interactions is still limited.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Humoral immune response and delayed-type hypersensitivity in rabbits infected with Trypanosoma equiperdum

Febo

Krasteva

Bonfini

et al. 2020

Sci Rep

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Trypanosoma equiperdum is the causative agent of dourine, a parasitic venereal disease of equids. In this work, rabbits were infected with T. equiperdum strain OVI; serological tests (complement fixation test, ELISA and immunoblotting), used for the diagnosis of dourine in horses, were applied to study rabbit humoral immune response and to characterise T. equiperdum antigen pattern recognised by antibodies from infected rabbits. Moreover a protein extract of T. equiperdum strain OVI was produced and tested in skin tests on infected rabbits to detect the cell-mediated response induced by T. equiperdum, in order to evaluate its use in the field diagnosis of dourine. Sera of infected rabbits recognized in immunoblotting Trypanosoma protein bands with molecular weight below 37 kDa, providing a serological response comparable with that already observed in dourine infected horses. Moreover the trypanosome protein extract was capable to produce in vivo delayed-type hypersensitivity (DHT Type IV) in rabbits and proved itself to be non-toxic and non-sensitizing.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 94%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 94%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Humoral immune response and delayed-type hypersensitivity in rabbits infected with Trypanosoma equiperdum

Febo

Krasteva

Bonfini

et al. 2020

Sci Rep

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“…Finally, the intravascular behaviour of at least one other Trypanosoma species, T. congolense , appears distinct from T. brucei [ 56 , 57 ], questioning whether intra-host infection dynamics are shared across African trypanosomes. Indeed, T. equiperdum , which is more closely related to T. brucei [ 58 ], may represent an extreme case of tissue tropism, where the bloodstream as a habitat has been substantially abandoned [ 59 ].…”

Section: What Is the Contribution Of Extravascular Tissues To Antigenmentioning

confidence: 99%

Emerging challenges in understanding trypanosome antigenic variation

McCulloch

Cobbold

Figueiredo

et al. 2017

Emerging Topics in Life Sciences

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Many pathogens evade host immunity by periodically changing the proteins they express on their surface - a phenomenon termed antigenic variation. An extreme form of antigenic variation, based around switching the composition of a Variant Surface Glycoprotein (VSG) coat, is exhibited by the African trypanosome Trypanosoma brucei, which causes human disease. The molecular details of VSG switching in T. brucei have been extensively studied over the last three decades, revealing in increasing detail the machinery and mechanisms by which VSG expression is controlled and altered. However, several key components of the models of T. brucei antigenic variation that have emerged have been challenged through recent discoveries. These discoveries include new appreciation of the importance of gene mosaics in generating huge levels of new VSG variants, the contributions of parasite development and body compartmentation in the host to the infection dynamics and, finally, potential differences in the strategies of antigenic variation and host infection used by the crucial livestock trypanosomes T. congolense and T. vivax. This review will discuss all these observations, which raise questions regarding how secure the existing models of trypanosome antigenic variation are. In addition, we will discuss the importance of continued mathematical modelling to understand the purpose of this widespread immune survival process.

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“…Disease surveillance is limited and has historically been based on visualisation of parasites microscopically in blood smears, buffy coat examination or lymph node aspirate. Reported sensitivity is low (between 100–10000 parasites/ml, technique dependent) [ 10 , 11 ] and speciation based on morphology is unreliable [ 12 ]. T .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparison of loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) and PCR for the diagnosis of infection with Trypanosoma brucei ssp. in equids in The Gambia

et al. 2020

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Introduction Infection of equids with Trypanosoma brucei (T. brucei) ssp. is of socioeconomic importance across sub-Saharan Africa as the disease often progresses to cause fatal meningoencephalitis. Loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) has been developed as a cost-effective molecular diagnostic test and is potentially applicable for use in field-based laboratories. Part I Threshold levels for T. brucei ssp. detection by LAMP were determined using whole equine blood specimens spiked with known concentrations of parasites. Results were compared to OIE antemortem gold standard of T. brucei-PCR (TBR-PCR). Results I Threshold for detection of T. brucei ssp. on extracted DNA from whole blood was 1 parasite/ ml blood for LAMP and TBR-PCR, and there was excellent agreement (14/15) between tests at high (1 x 10 3 /ml) concentrations of parasites. Detection threshold was 100 parasites/ml using LAMP on whole blood (LWB). Threshold for LWB improved to 10 parasites/ml with detergent included. Performance was excellent for LAMP at high (1 x 10 3 /ml) concentrations of parasites (15/15, 100%) but was variable at lower concentrations. Agreement between tests was weak to moderate, with the highest for TBR-PCR and LAMP on DNA extracted from whole blood (Cohen's kappa 0.95, 95% CI 0.64-1.00). Part II A prospective cross-sectional study of working equids meeting clinical criteria for trypanosomiasis was undertaken in The Gambia. LAMP was evaluated against subsequent TBR-PCR.

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Dourine: a neglected disease of equids

Cited by 46 publications

References 48 publications

Humoral immune response and delayed-type hypersensitivity in rabbits infected with Trypanosoma equiperdum

Humoral immune response and delayed-type hypersensitivity in rabbits infected with Trypanosoma equiperdum

Emerging challenges in understanding trypanosome antigenic variation

Comparison of loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) and PCR for the diagnosis of infection with Trypanosoma brucei ssp. in equids in The Gambia

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