“…In order to provide a framework to explore this matter, the genomes of O. ulmi and O. novo-ulmi have recently been published (Khoshraftar et al, 2013; Comeau et al, 2015). Additionally, the genomes of a closely related saprophytic species ( Ophiostoma piceae ) and species of the same family with different pathogenic/lifestyle traits ( Sporothrix schenckii , Sporothrix brasiliensis , Sporothrix pallida , Grosmannia clavigera , Leptographium lundbergii , Leptographium procerum , and Graphilbum fragrans ) are also available (DiGuistini et al, 2011; Haridas et al, 2013; Teixeira et al, 2014; van der Nest et al, 2014; Wingfield et al, 2015a,b, 2016; D’Alessandro et al, 2016). This information allows for unique comparisons to be made between species to highlight putative virulence determinants in DED pathogens.…”