Drastic decrease of Salmonella Enteritidis isolated from humans in Belgium in 2005, shift in phage types and influence on foodborne outbreaks

Abstract

In Belgium, non-typhoidal salmonellosis and campylobacteriosis are the two most frequently reported foodborne illnesses. During 2005, a 71% decrease of Salmonella Enteritidis infections compared with the average annual number cases in the period 2000-2004 was recorded by the Belgian National Reference Centre for Salmonella and Shigella. After the peak of 1999, the total number of salmonellosis cases decreased gradually, with the exception of 2003 when an increase was again recorded due to the rise of isolates belonging to the serotype Enteritidis. PT4, the predominant phage type of serotype Enteriditis over recent years (except in 2003), became the second most prevalent phage type in 2005 after PT21. We present in this paper the epidemiology (incidence and trends) of human salmonellosis in Belgium and assess the role of the vaccination programme in layer flocks on the decline of the incidence of human salmonellosis and foodborne outbreaks due to S. Enteritidis.

Emergence and clonal dissemination of Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis causing salmonellosis in Mauritius

“…Control strategies could include the use of Salmonellafree parent flocks and Salmonella-free chicken feeds, regular cleaning and disinfection of poultry houses, with empty resting periods between flocks, measures to prevent domestic and wild animals, including wild birds, from gaining access to the premises, vaccination of breeder and layer flocks [19,20], and intensive flock-level testing with destruction of infected flocks [21]. However, apparently expensive measures could eventually be cost-effective as reduction of Salmonella in food animals would most likely lower the burden of human infections and reduce the cost associated with such illnesses.…”

Salmonella Typhimurium LPS mutations for use in vaccines allowing differentiation of infected and vaccinated pigs

“…A combined approach using 58 hygienic measures, the use of feed additives and different protection measures, such as 59 vaccination, has been proposed to reduce the contamination on farms [3] [4] [5] . Vaccination has 60 already proven to be efficient in laying hens, reducing faecal shedding and internal egg 61 contamination of Salmonella, resulting in reduction of the number of human salmonellosis 62 cases [6] [7] . Currently, one licensed Salmonella Typhimurium live vaccine for pigs is 63 commercially available in Europe [8] and has shown to reduce both shedding and colonization 64 of host tissues [9] and to induce a substantial Salmonella antibody response seven days after 65 the second immunization [10] .…”

Evaluation of Scenarios for Reducing Human Salmonellosis Through Household Consumption of Fresh Minced Pork Meat

“…As can be seen in Figure 1, SE declined drastically from 2004 onwards where as STM remained more or less stable. Although no causal relationship between vaccination of laying hens in Belgium and the decline in human SE infections has been established, the increased vaccination status of flocks has most probably contributed to decreased egg contamination [2].…”

“…composition of a meat mix) are given first. Subsequently, the different modules of the XXX-model being (1) primary production, (2) transport & lairage, (3) slaughterhouse, (4) post-processing, (5) distribution & storage and (6) preparation & consumption are successively discussed.…”

“…In Belgium, Salmonella was the second most common bacterial cause of gastrointestinal diseases with 35.1 reported human cases per 100,000 inhabitants in 2006. The serovar Typhimurium (STM) was responsible for 49.4% of these reported cases [2] and it was the predominant serovar isolated from pork during monitoring in the EU [3] and in Belgium [4], suggesting that consumption of pork is a major risk factor for human STM salmonellosis.…”