Drinking in pregnancy

Abstract

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Uncertainty, manageability and individuation: A longitudinal qualitative study of women's conceptualisations of risk from pregnancy to breastfeeding—the case of alcohol consumption

“…Scholars have also been critical of policy approaches that interpret lack of evidence regarding low levels of drinking as risky, stressing that "FASD [Foetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder] has been increasingly defined as potentially experienced by any child conceived by any woman who drank any alcohol" (Lee et al, 2022, p. 20). The precautionary approach on which the abstinence policy is based has been criticised on the one hand as a strategy for managing scientific uncertainty, and on the other hand, as an instrument of moral judgment on motherhood and control over women's autonomy (Armstrong, 2003;Lee et al, 2022;Leppo et al, 2014;Thom et al, 2020). Some scholars have also challenged the alarmist tone of public health discourse focussing on complete abstinence from alcohol during pregnancy, characterising such discourse as a "moral panic" (Bell et al, 2009).…”

Opioid-related risk perceptions in chronic pain: influence of patient gender and previous misuse behaviors

“…44,56,57 Men also enter and complete drug and alcohol treatment programs at higher rates than women. 45,60 The data for opioid-specific substance misuse behaviors are more mixed. Whereas men have higher rates of opioid use disorders than women, with ratios of 3:2 for opioids other than heroin and 3:1 for heroin, 2 women have higher rates of nonmedical opioid use.…”

“…Whereas men have higher rates of opioid use disorders than women, with ratios of 3:2 for opioids other than heroin and 3:1 for heroin, 2 women have higher rates of nonmedical opioid use. 19,54 Exposure to this information about sex differences in substance use behavior-in formal medical education or otherwise-along with broader societal level stereotypes about sex, gender, substance use, and risk-taking behaviors, 4,21,43,60 may affect how providers make prescription opioid-related risk assessments for patients with pain. Stereotypes about gender and risk-taking may be particularly relevant here.…”

“…Specifically, men are cast as more risk-taking-and women more risk-averse-in a variety of contexts, including health and financial. 14,50,60 As such, providers may have perceived men to have greater risk across the 4 opioid misuse domains assessed herein. Clinical ambiguity may also play a role in these assessments.…”

“…37 For opioid treatment decisions, some studies have found that providers were less likely to prescribe opioids to women in pain, 51 suggesting providers consider the risk-benefit ratio to be less favorable for women; this could also be a consequence of the underassessment of pain in women. 60,69 This inference is countered by findings that providers were less likely to prescribe opioids to men, 49 suggesting providers consider the risk-benefit ratio to be less favorable for men. The small number and age of these studies further limits our understanding of gender and misuse history in the current prescription opioid context.…”