High-performance computing and communications has been an important and fundamental research topic over the past decade and has posed many challenging problems. Researchers and industrial professionals have been devoted to designing innovative tools and techniques to keep up with the rapid evolution and increasing complexity of large and complex scientific and engineering problems. This special issue contains seven extended and revised papers which were mainly selected from the 10th IEEE International Conference on High Performance Computing and Communications (HPCC-08) in Dalian, China, September 25-27, 2008. The purpose of the conference was to provide a forum for engineers and scientists in academia and industry to present and discuss their novel ideas, new research results, applications, experiences, work-in-progress, and state-of-the-art techniques in the area of high-performance computing and communications. The extended versions of these papers were carefully peer-reviewed according to the practice of this journal. The selected papers deal with a wide range of important aspects and challenging issues of high-performance computing and networking systems and the contents are built on analytical modeling, experimental and simulation studies. The contributions of these papers are outlined below.Dispatching a large number of jobs directly to a small number of physical servers requires much runtime information and computation in order to make the distributed computing system efficient and scalable. Choi et al.[1] presented a two-level indirect dispatching framework that dispatches requests to servers through virtual machines (VMs), called Dispatching Requests Indirectly through Virtual Environment (DRIVE). They set up an experimental environment consisting of a personal computer (PC) cluster and four benchmark suites to demonstrate the effectiveness of the DRIVE framework. The experimental results have shown that the use of VMs indeed abstracts away the client requests and hence helps to improve the overall performance of a dynamically changing computing environment.Virtualization is being widely deployed now as an emerging trend. Liao et al.[2] proposed a Lightweight Virtual Desktop (LVD) management architecture to combine the virtualization technology and inexpensive PCs. They implemented LVD in the cluster with VMs and compared the performance of LVD prototype system with those of the currently used desktop systems, including Microsoft Remote Desktop, Citrix MetaFrameXP and Sun Ray. The experimental results have shown that the LVD performs well in its functions improving the response time while decreasing the power consumptions.The workload characteristics and resource usage patterns of available applications are critical for the design and development of hardware and software stacks of future machines. Seelam et al. [3] presented a comprehensive workload performance characterization of three large-scale applications,