Driven by distraction: An integrative review of social facilitation theory and research

Sanders, Glenn S.

doi:10.1016/0022-1031(81)90024-x

Cited by 89 publications

(52 citation statements)

References 49 publications

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“…Another possibility is the assumption that PPO directs individuals' attention to information that is not self-related. Congruent with this view, some approaches to social facilitation (e.g., Sanders, 1981) have shown that PPO increases attention to situational features. However, PPO has also been shown to increase self-attention (Bond, 1982), and our studies have furnished evidence of increased sensitivity only relevant to the task context.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Back to Basics: Socially Facilitated Situated Cognition

Fonseca¹,

Garcia‐Marques²

2013

Social Cognition

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A widely ignored finding in social facilitation suggests that the mere presence of others increases the "spreading out" of one's thoughts (Allport, 1920). Here, we revisit this finding and expand upon it using a situated cognition perspective.Experiment 1 approached the spreading-out-of-thought effect using the same free-association task as Allport. Results replicated and extended previous findings. Compared to an alone condition, co-action and mere presence activated more associations, being that these associations are more context-related and more distant in the target word associative network.Assuming that this spreading-out-of-thought effect arises from an increased salience of context-related processing, we tested this hypothesis using the Framed-Line Test paradigm in Experiment 2. Results showed that, as expected, co-action increased accuracy of estimation judgments that required incorporation of contextual information in processing.These results support and extend Allport's view that presence of others broadens our thoughts. We discuss this idea, suggesting that social contexts may prompt cognition to be more situated.Recent situated cognition approaches within social psychology (Levine, Resnick,

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Back to Basics: Socially Facilitated Situated Cognition

Fonseca¹,

Garcia‐Marques²

2013

Social Cognition

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“…ZAJONC'S (1965) elegant drive model of social facilitation generated both criticism (Glaser, 1982) and explanatory concepts: evaluation apprehension (Geen & Gange, 1983), distraction conflict (Sanders, 1981;Thibaut & Kelley, 1986), attention overload (Manstead & Semin, 1980), self-attention (Carver & Sheier, 1978, 198 1 ;Duval & Wicklund, 1972), self-presentation (Baumeister, 1982), social inhibition (Berger et al, 1981(Berger et al, , 1982, and social impact theory (LatanC, 1981). There have been attempts to integrate the concepts (Blank, Staff, & Shaver, 1976;Bond & Titus, 1983;Borden, 1975;Dua, 1977;Sanders, 1981), but it has been difficult to provide consistent findings or to generate an overarching theory.…”

Section: Department Of Psychology Goldsmiths College Universiv Of Lomentioning

confidence: 98%

“…There have been attempts to integrate the concepts (Blank, Staff, & Shaver, 1976;Bond & Titus, 1983;Borden, 1975;Dua, 1977;Sanders, 1981), but it has been difficult to provide consistent findings or to generate an overarching theory. Markus ( 1978) and Schmidt, Gilovich, Goore, and Joseph (1986) argued that a fundamental problem is that the alone condition is inherently difficult to control: A participant, given a task in a study, will assume that his or her performance is being monitored, even if no visible audience is present.…”

Section: Department Of Psychology Goldsmiths College Universiv Of Lomentioning

confidence: 98%

The Role of Aloneness in Social Facilitation

Griffin

Kent

1998

The Journal of Social Psychology

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“…Finally, it may be that the presence of others is simply more distracting. The distraction/conflict theory (Baron, 1986;Sanders, 1981) holds that on complex tasks, individual performance is impaired because the distraction of others interferes with attention to the task.…”

Section: Nature and Theory Of Group Pressure Effectsmentioning

confidence: 99%