Drivers of Health in sub-Saharan Africa: A Dynamic Panel Analysis

Mortality rate, carbon emissions, renewable energy and per capita income nexus in Sub-Saharan Africa

“…As expected, urbanization puts pressure on available health facilities culminating in high morality rates from about 0.13 to 0.24 percent (Shobande, 2020) [ 8 ]. Similarly, female education and access to basic sanitation significantly contributes to reducing mortality rates [ 8 , 9 , 71 , 72 ]. The income group dummies reveal that middle-income countries have significantly higher morality rates than high income country (base dummy) whose coefficient is captured by the constant term.…”

“…Controlling for heteroscedasticity, omitted variables and serial correlation, we estimate a dynamic model to test for the persistency of mortality rates. The results displayed in Table 6 reveal that infant and under-5 mortalities are persistent in SSA [ 8 , 9 , 73 ]. This is reflected in the positive and statistically significant values of the lagged dependent variables in both primary and robustness models.…”

“…(2) We test if the effect of renewable energy on mortality rate is contingent on the level of economic development of a country. To achieve this, renewable energy is interacted with each income group dummy using high income group as the base dummy variable and the results are shown in columns [ 9 ] and [ 10 ] of Table 7 . Starting with the results from the quadratic specification, we find a significant U-shaped effect of health expenditures from the full sample for infant mortality rate whereas the results across the income groups are mixed.…”

“…The loss of infants due to preventable illnesses may be linked to healthcare services, and neonatal deaths can be linked to poor maternal health. Studies that examined macro level health determinants are Shobande [ 8 ], Chewe and Hangoma [ 9 ], Fayissa and Gutema [ 10 ], and Ogunleye [ 11 ]. Important factors identified to determine life expectancy and child mortality include income per capita, education, food availability, and alcohol consumption [ 10 – 12 ].…”

The Cross-Provincial Data of Life Expectancy Effect on Pension Fund in Indonesia

“…In Indonesia over period of 2015, life expectancy at birth, respectively in 2015, 2016, 2017, 201870.9;71.06;71.2 and 71.34 years (Statistics Indonesia, 2021). Globally, the increase in life expectancy occurred approximately between the 19th and 20th centuries (Chewe & Hangoma, 2020). Based on the theory put forward by Ando and Modigliani in 1963, namely the life cycle hypothesis of saving (Ando & Modigliani, 1963), it is believed that this increase in life expectancy is to be one of the reasons for participating in investing, as a desire to be in the future, when someone at his old age is unable to or do not want to work anymore, they still have money to consume the things they need (Deaton, 2005).…”