Drosophila Toll is activated by Gram-positive bacteria through a circulating peptidoglycan recognition protein

Michel, Tatiana; Reichhart, Jean‐Marc; Hoffmann, Jules A.; Royet, Julien

doi:10.1038/414756a

Cited by 691 publications

(560 citation statements)

References 28 publications

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“…Three Drosophila PGRPs -PGRP-SA, PGRP-SD, and PGRP-SC1 -recognize bacterial peptidoglycan and activate proteases that cleave Spaetzle, an extracellular cytokine-like protein present in insect hemolymph, which in turn serves as an endogenous activator of Toll [8,23,24] (Figure 4a). Activation of Toll initiates a signal The PGRP domain has three ␣ helices (red), five ␤ strands (yellow) and coils (cyan); the three disulfide bonds are in purple; MurNAc-pentapeptide is drawn in stick representation, with carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen atoms in green, blue, and red, respectively.…”

Section: Insect Pgrpsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Peptidoglycan recognition proteins (PGRPs)

Dziarski

2004

Molecular Immunology

411

400

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Section: Insect Pgrpsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Peptidoglycan recognition proteins (PGRPs)

Dziarski

2004

Molecular Immunology

411

400

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“…Recognition of Gram-positive bacteria (but not fungi) and activation of Toll is mediated by a circulating peptidoglycan-recognition protein (PGRP-SA) encoded by the gene semmelweis. 12 Another so-called PGRP (PGRP-LC) bearing a transmembrane domain was shown to mediate activation of the Drosophila Imd pathway in response to Gram-negative infection, indicating that members of the PGRP family represent critical microbial PRRs. 13 Both soluble and membrane-bound mammalian PGRPs have been described, 14 although their role in microbial host defense has not yet been defined.…”

Section: Drosophila Toll and The Identification Of Mammalian Tlrsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Toll-like receptors and their role in experimental models of microbial infection

2003

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Effective host defense against microbial infection depends upon prompt recognition of pathogens, activation of immediate containment measures, and ultimately the generation of a specific and definitive adaptive immune response. The innate immune system of the host is responsible for providing constant surveillance against infection; when confronted by pathogens it deploys a series of rapidly acting antimicrobial effectors while simultaneously instructing the adaptive immune system as to the nature and context of the infectious threat. Pathogen recognition and activation of innate immunity is mediated by members of the Toll-like receptor (TLR) family through detection of conserved microbial structures that are absent from the host. Experimental models of infection using TLR-deficient mice, as well as limited human studies, have clearly demonstrated the critical role of TLRs in host defense against most major groups of mammalian pathogens.

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“…Peptidoglycan recognition proteins (PGRPs) are a class of recognition proteins that specifically bind to Gram-negative or Gram-positive bacteria (Michel et al 2001, Vallet-Gely et al 2009). The expression of PGRP2 (Pauchet et al 2010) in both host species was somewhat consistently correlated with the findings of bacterial colonies in the midgut: In A. plantaginis, ENT was isolated in high quantities and PGRP2 was expressed three-fold higher than the control.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%