Drug Delivery Systems for Personal Healthcare by Smart Wearable Patch System

Abstract

Smart wearable patch systems that combine biosensing and therapeutic components have emerged as promising approaches for personalized healthcare and therapeutic platforms that enable self-administered, noninvasive, user-friendly, and long-acting smart drug delivery. Sensing components can continuously monitor physiological and biochemical parameters, and the monitoring signals can be transferred to various stimuli using actuators. In therapeutic components, stimuli-responsive carrier-based drug delivery systems (DDSs) provide on-demand drug delivery in a closed-loop manner. This review provides an overview of the recent advances in smart wearable patch systems, focusing on sensing components, stimuli, and therapeutic components. Additionally, this review highlights the potential of fully integrated smart wearable patch systems for personalized medicine. Furthermore, challenges associated with the clinical applications of this system and future perspectives are discussed, including issues related to drug loading and reloading, biocompatibility, accuracy of sensing and drug delivery, and largescale fabrication.

Electrosprayed Core (Cellulose Acetate)–Shell (Polyvinylpyrrolidone) Nanoparticles for Smart Acetaminophen Delivery

“…The polymeric carriers’ properties are often relied on to manipulate the drug release profiles [ 85 , 86 , 87 ]. The fast release of ATP from the electrosprayed PVP-ATP particles P1, as well as the first-phase pulsatile release of the core–shell particles P3, on one hand, should be an expected result of the easy dissolution of PVP.…”

“…This finding means that about 40% of the loaded ATP in particles P3 were released in a sustained manner over a time period of over 29 h. This smart delivery method is favorable in terms of keeping a long time period of a constant blood drug concentration, as well as the compliance of the patients, due to shorter drug administration times. The polymeric carriers' properties are often relied on to manipulate the drug release profiles [85][86][87]. The fast release of ATP from the electrosprayed PVP-ATP particles P1, as well as the first-phase pulsatile release of the core-shell particles P3, on one hand, should be an expected result of the easy dissolution of PVP.…”

“…CA is an insoluble polymeric excipient, which is frequently exploited to provide the drug-based sustained release profiles through various strategies (such as blended matrix, compressed tablets, coating films, osmotic pumps, and many CA-based nanoparticles, microparticles and nanofibers). Peppas' equation [88] was utilized to regress the drug release The polymeric carriers' properties are often relied on to manipulate the drug release profiles [85][86][87]. The fast release of ATP from the electrosprayed PVP-ATP particles P1, as well as the first-phase pulsatile release of the core-shell particles P3, on one hand, should be an expected result of the easy dissolution of PVP.…”

Synthesis and Characterization of Alginate Gel Beads with Embedded Zeolite Structures as Carriers of Hydrophobic Curcumin

“…In recent years, researchers have been exploring innovative approaches to enhance drug delivery systems and improve therapeutic outcomes. In this perspective, biocompatible gels have attracted the attention of researchers for their applications as scaffolds, carriers, and controlled drug delivery systems able to respond to physiological stimuli, such as pH and temperature [ 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 ]. Gels are three-dimensional (3D) networks of cross-linked polymers capable of absorbing and retaining large amounts of water [ 7 , 8 ].…”