Drug-related causes of death: Socioeconomic and demographic characteristics of the deceased

Amundsen, Ellen Johanna

doi:10.1177/1403494815585909

Cited by 17 publications

(22 citation statements)

References 15 publications

(36 reference statements)

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“…The psychoactive drugs included in analytical testing were based on self-reported drug injection practices 34 as well as data from the Cause of Death Registry 35 and toxicological testing of autopsy samples from drug-related deaths. 15,36 They included opioids, amphetamines, cocaine, benzodiazepines, and similar drugs.…”

Section: Selecting Drugs For Analytical Testingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Determination of drug residues in used syringe needles

Gjerde

Bretteville-Jensen

Furuhaugen

et al. 2020

Drug Testing and Analysis

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Section: Selecting Drugs For Analytical Testingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Determination of drug residues in used syringe needles

Gjerde

Bretteville-Jensen

Furuhaugen

et al. 2020

Drug Testing and Analysis

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“…The need for harm reduction for those in different arenas was not necessarily met by measures aiming to help the street population of high-risk drug users. Opioid dependence among disability pensioners and persons on the edge of the workforce are examples of such groups (26). but may be more heavily advocated.…”

Section: Mortality and Morbidity 2010 To 2019mentioning

confidence: 99%

Health Risks in a Street Population Using Illegal Drugs in Norway 2010 to 2012, with a Long-Term Follow-up Regarding Mortality and Morbidity, As Well As Local and National Harm Reduction Measures

Amundsen

Løchen

Melsom³

et al. 2020

Preprint

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Background Mapping the heterogeneity of high-risk drug users is necessary to target harm reduction measures and drug policy. The aim of this study was to find if and how risk factors of adverse health outcomes varied for subgroups among illicit drug users from 2010 to 2012 and explore whether harm reduction measures, low-threshold services and treatment met such health risks from 2010 to 2019. Methods We interviewed 413 drug users at low-threshold facilities in three Norwegian cities from 2010 to 2012, and 351 respondents had a full dataset. The inclusion criterion was use of amphetamines, cocaine, heroin or opioids during the previous 12 months. Latent profile analysis was applied to establish subgroups with different health risk profiles. City-specific as well as national drug-induced deaths (2010-18) and injecting-related infectious diseases (2010-2019) were applied as outcomes. Harm reduction measures, low-threshold services and treatment in Norway from 2010 to 2019 are described. Results Reporting amphetamines (68%), heroin (60%) and opioids (65%) last 30 days were frequent, while reporting of cocaine was not (14%). Frequent use, injecting and co-use of amphetamines, heroin, and other opioids (prescribed or illicit) was high. The latent profile analysis separated users into five subgroups. Time since debut of use of amphetamines, cocaine, heroin or opioids varied between groups, as did types of psychoactive substances used and dependence. Injecting practices varied from 51% to 97% in the subgroups. Harm reduction measures in Norway since 2010 have been targeted to reduce the high level of injecting practices and their health consequences. However, drug-induced deaths at the national level and in the cities of the interviewees did not decline up to 2018. HIV among people who inject drugs at the national level declined from 2010 to 2019, while Hepatitis B did not, and the result for Hepatitis C was inconclusive. Conclusions Even though harm reduction measures for high-risk drug users in Norway have been targeted to reduce the high level of injecting practices and other health risks found in five subgroups in our sample from 2010 to 2012, further measures to reduce such risks and their health consequences must be tailored.

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“…The environment in which one resides is a known predictor of consumption behavior (39), thus behavioral economics is a conceptual system to understand how one's access and exposure will predict demand and subsequent intake (40–43). Historically, research on human choice has been dominated by economic theory.…”

Section: Social and Environmental Factorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The CDC has examined county-level factors associated with prescribing patterns and have found higher opioid use in regions with higher rates of unemployment and Medicaid enrollment (54). Pregnant women using opioids as their primary substance have the highest prevalence in the Southern US and are less educated (43). Other research on pregnant women in the US have shown similar education gradients and higher opioid use below $20,000 annual household income (55) which is consistent with national data linking lower levels of income to opioid misuse (56).…”

Section: Social and Environmental Factorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Biopsychosocial Overview of the Opioid Crisis: Considering Nutrition and Gastrointestinal Health

Wiss

2019

Front. Public Health

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The opioid crisis has reached epidemic proportions in the United States with rising overdose death rates. Identifying the underlying factors that contribute to addiction vulnerability may lead to more effective prevention strategies. Supply side environmental factors are a major contributing component. Psychosocial factors such as stress, trauma, and adverse childhood experiences have been linked to emotional pain leading to self-medication. Genetic and epigenetic factors associated with brain reward pathways and impulsivity are known predictors of addiction vulnerability. This review attempts to present a biopsychosocial approach that connects various social and biological theories related to the addiction crisis. The emerging role of nutrition therapy with an emphasis on gastrointestinal health in the treatment of opioid use disorder is presented. The biopsychosocial model integrates concepts from several disciplines, emphasizing multicausality rather than a reductionist approach. Potential solutions at multiple levels are presented, considering individual as well as population health. This single cohesive framework is based on the interdependency of the entire system, identifying risk and protective factors that may influence substance-seeking behavior. Nutrition should be included as one facet of a multidisciplinary approach toward improved recovery outcomes. Cross-disciplinary collaborative efforts, new ideas, and fiscal resources will be critical to address the epidemic.

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Drug-related causes of death: Socioeconomic and demographic characteristics of the deceased

Cited by 17 publications

References 15 publications

Determination of drug residues in used syringe needles

Determination of drug residues in used syringe needles

Health Risks in a Street Population Using Illegal Drugs in Norway 2010 to 2012, with a Long-Term Follow-up Regarding Mortality and Morbidity, As Well As Local and National Harm Reduction Measures

A Biopsychosocial Overview of the Opioid Crisis: Considering Nutrition and Gastrointestinal Health

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