Drug Resistance in Malaria-in a nutshell

Abstract

One peek into the history of malaria, shows us that despite many attempts by mankind to counter the development and propagation of malaria, it has always risen back like a 'phoenix from its ashes'. This has been possible by virtue of the singular ability of the malarial parasite to mutate and evade the actions of various anti-malarial drugs. The emergence of drug resistant malarial parasites by virtue of the various molecular mechanisms, has put the authorities under the cosh and forced the scientists to start generating newer and better anti-malarial drugs. In this review, we have dwelt upon the various molecular mechanisms which have allowed the malaria parasite to develop resistance, as it can serve to educate the scientists in their effort to generate newer anti-malarials.

Antimalarial Activity of Aqueous and 80% Methanol Crude Seed Extracts and Solvent Fractions of Schinus molle Linnaeus (Anacardiaceae) in Plasmodium berghei-Infected Mice

“…In developing countries, malaria is still the leading cause of outpatient visits and hospital admission. Development and spread of antimalarial drug resistance has been the major challenge towards the control of the disease [11,12].…”

In vivo antimalarial activity of crude fruit extract of Capsicum frutescens var. minima (Solanaceae) against Plasmodium berghei infected mice

“…80ME = 80% methanol crude extract, CON= negative control, CQ=chloroquine base. Numbers next to letters (10,100,200,400) in the first column refer to dose in mg/kg. Data are expressed as mean ± SEM (n = 6); a, compared to CON; b, compared to 100 mg/kg; c, compared to 200 mg/kg; d, compared to 400 mg/kg; e, compared to CQ10; * p<0.05.…”

“…80ME = 80% methanol crude extract, CON=negative control, CQ=chloroquine base. Numbers next to letters (10,100,200,400) in the first column refer to dose in mg/kg.…”

Molecular Docking Investigation of New Inhibitors of &lt;i&gt;Falciparum vivax&lt;/i&gt;

“…Chloroquine 1Piperaquine (2) Amodiaquine 38-aminoquinoline Primaquine (4) Quinine (5) Arylamino alcohol Mefloquine (6) Lumefantrine (9) Sesquiterpene lactone endoperoxides Artemether (11) Artesunate (12) Dihydroartemisinin (13) Mannich base Pyronaridine (10) Antifolate Pyrimethamine (8) Sulfadoxine 7Proguanil (15) Naphthoquinone Atovaquone (14) DOI: 10.4236/cmb.2018.82002 46 Computational Molecular Bioscience psychiatric effects which includes sleep imbalances, mood changes, impulsivity, delusions, hallucinations and also mania; in extreme cases, suicidal thoughts and suicides were also reported [11]. Quinine has been known to be very hard to tolerate; therefore, its use is limited to severe malaria only [9].…”