Drug treatment of type 2 diabetes: Its cost is significantly associated with HbA1c levels

Background Produce prescription programs, providing free or discounted produce and nutrition education to patients with diet‐related conditions within health care systems, have been shown to improve dietary quality and cardiometabolic risk factors. The potential impact of implementing produce prescription programs for patients with diabetes on long‐term health gains, costs, and cost‐effectiveness in the United States has not been established. Methods and Results We used a validated state‐transition microsimulation model (Diabetes, Obesity, Cardiovascular Disease Microsimulation model), populated with national data of eligible individuals from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2013 to 2018, further incorporating estimated intervention effects and diet‐disease effects from meta‐analyses, and policy‐ and health‐related costs from published literature. The model estimated that over a lifetime (mean=25 years), implementing produce prescriptions in 6.5 million US adults with both diabetes and food insecurity (lifetime treatment) would prevent 292 000 (95% uncertainty interval, 143 000–440 000) cardiovascular disease events, generate 260 000 (110000–411 000) quality‐adjusted life‐years, cost $44.3 billion in implementation costs, and save $39.6 billion ($20.5–58.6 billion) in health care costs and $4.8 billion ($1.84–$7.70 billion) in productivity costs. The program was highly cost effective from a health care perspective (incremental cost‐effectiveness ratio: $18 100/quality‐adjusted life‐years) and cost saving from a societal perspective (net savings: $−0.05 billion). The intervention remained cost effective at shorter time horizons of 5 and 10 years. Results were similar in population subgroups by age, race or ethnicity, education, and baseline insurance status. Conclusions Our model suggests that implementing produce prescriptions among US adults with diabetes and food insecurity would generate substantial health gains and be highly cost effective.

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“… References 51 , 52 , 53 , 54 , 55 , 56 , 57 , 58 , 59 , 60 , 61 , 62 , 63 , 64 , 65 , 66 , 67 , 68 , 69 , 70 , 71 , 72 , 73 , 74 …”

Section: Supporting Informationunclassified

Health and Economic Impacts of Implementing Produce Prescription Programs for Diabetes in the United States: A Microsimulation Study

Wang

Lauren

Hager

et al. 2023

JAHA

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“…A meta-analysis showed that globally, only 42.8% of people achieved optimal HbA1c targets, with Europe and North America showing the best results [ 11 ]. Recent studies found adequate glycemic control rates of 31.8% in Mexico, 53.4% in Colombia, 48.9% in Argentina, and 50.4% and 53.4%, respectively, in men and women in Korea [ 12 – 15 ]. In Brazil, a study in the southern region showed 30.2% of people enrolled in primary health care (PHC) with adequate glycemic control [ 16 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Glycemic outcomes of people with diabetes mellitus in Brazilian primary health care

Calixto

Franco²,

Banca

et al. 2023

Int J Diabetes Dev Ctries

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Background The capillary blood glucose monitoring program at home a challenge in primary health care. Therefore, it is fundamental to identify the glycemic control of people with diabetes mellitus through HBA1c and to analyze its associated factors. Objective To identify the glycemic profile of people with Diabetes Mellitus (DM) through HbA1c and analyze factors associated. Materials & methods Cross-sectional study developed in Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil. Secondary data from the electronic health record of people registered in the Primary Health Care system were used. A sample of 3181 participants was obtained. People with HbA1c < 7.0% (53 mmol/mol) were considered to have adequate glycemic control. For people aged ≥ 55 years, a less stringent target, < 8.0% (64 mmol/mol), was also considered. The odds ratio was the measure of effect analyzed with their respective 95% Confidence Intervals (95% CI). Results Adequate glycemic control with HbA1c < 7.0% (53 mmol/mol) was found in 44.8% of people and, when using the less rigid target, HbA1c < 8.0% (64 mmol/mol) for people aged ≥ 55 years-old, 70.6% had adequate glycemic control. Age and drug therapy were associated with adequate glycemic control (p < 0.001), which was more frequent among older people and those who used only metformin. Conclusion The study shows that the achievement of adequate glycemic control is still a challenge, especially with regard to younger people and those who use insulin.

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“…Именно этот уровень признаётся необходимым для достижения в процессе лечения, поскольку при таких параметрах углеводного обмена снижается риск сердечно-сосудистых осложнений (ИБС, острого инфаркта миокарда, острого нарушения мозгового кровообращения и др.) [11,12]. Эти осложнения являются ресурсоёмкими, требующими больших общественных и личных расходов [13].…”

Section: введение / Introductionunclassified

The economic side of an oral sugar lowering therapy intensification by glucagon-like peptidt-1 receptor agonists

Zyryanov

Dyakov²

2022

GCP

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The effective control of Diabetes Mellitus (DM) is an actual problem from optimal expenditures of health care system point of view. Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1 RA) are one of the modern options for glycemia control in DM Type 2 and included in all current guidelines for the treatment control. The economic comparative aspects of the use of these drugs in the local conditions are important for decision making. Materials and methods. The comparative economic evaluation for injectable remedies such kind as fixed combination of insulin glargine + lixisenatide (iGlaLixi), exenatide (Exe), dulaglutide (Dula), liraglutide (Lira), semaglutide (Sema) and fixed combination of insulin degludec + liraglutide (iDegLira) has been performed base on published clinical data of efficacy in patients who did not reach target of HbA1c on oral antidiabetic drugs treatment. Number of patients with HbA1c <7 % was chosen as efficacy criterion. Non-direct comparison with Odds Ratio (OR) calculation was prepared. Direct and indirect costs (medications, treatment of CV-complications, GDP loses etc.) were indicated and calculated based on constructed model. Sensitivity analysis has been provided for validation of results. Results. Pharmacoeconomic analysis for all drugs included into analysis has shown of economic advantages of effective DM2T control. iGlaLixi has demonstrated economic advantages as well usage aGLP-1 only (direct costs decreasing vs Exe on 37,8 %, vs Dula on 31,8 %, vs Lira on 63,5 %, vs Sema - on 41,9 %) as vs iDegLira - on 36,1 %. iGlaLixi decreased a total cost (direct and non-direct) better than Exe, Dula, Lira and Sema (on 30,7; 22,3; 52,1 and 30,4 % accordingly. Conclusion. An effective control of DM2T with GLP-1 RA and medicines on their based has an economic value because lead to expenditures for complications decreasing from government position.

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Drug treatment of type 2 diabetes: Its cost is significantly associated with HbA1c levels

Cited by 6 publications

References 24 publications

Health and Economic Impacts of Implementing Produce Prescription Programs for Diabetes in the United States: A Microsimulation Study

Health and Economic Impacts of Implementing Produce Prescription Programs for Diabetes in the United States: A Microsimulation Study

Glycemic outcomes of people with diabetes mellitus in Brazilian primary health care

The economic side of an oral sugar lowering therapy intensification by glucagon-like peptidt-1 receptor agonists

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