Drugs and the discrimination of duration

Altman, Jack; Appel, James B.; McGowan, William

doi:10.1007/bf00432291

Cited by 19 publications

(8 citation statements)

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“…Appel & Dykstra, 1977;Katz, 1982), the degree of stimulus control has been shown to modify the behavioral effects of chlorpromazine and promazine (Altman, Appel, & McGowan, 1979;Dykstra, 1979;Hernandez & Appel, 1979;Katz, 1983;Ksir & Slifer, 1982). For example, Katz (1983) showed that promazine did not affect stimulus control when responding was under control of an intense stimulus light but that it decreased stimulus control when responding was controlled by a relatively weak stimulus light.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of Chlorpromazine on Fixed‐ratio Responding: Modification by Fixed‐interval Discriminative Stimuli

Witkin

1986

J Exper Analysis Behavior

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Effects of chlorpromazine (1 to 100 mg/kg) were assessed on two pigeons' responding under various modifications of a multiple schedule of food delivery. During a fixed-interval component, the first response after 5 min produced food; during the subsequent, fixed-ratio component, the 30th response produced food. Modifications of the schedule entailed changes in stimulus conditions imposed during the fixed-ratio component that did not systematically alter characteristics of performance under nondrug conditions. In the first phase of the experiment, distinctive visual stimuli were correlated with each schedule component (conventional multiple schedule); chlorpromazine produced small decreases in fixed-ratio responding (20% at 30 mg/kg). When each response during the fixed-ratio component produced the stimulus correlated with the fixed-interval schedule (fixed-interval discriminative stimulus) for 1.2 s, effects of chlorpromazine were not different from those under the conventional multiple schedule. Chlorpromazine produced greater decreases in fixed-ratio responding (55% at 30 mg/kg) when either the first response of each fixed ratio changed the stimulus correlated with the fixed-ratio schedule to the fixed-interval discriminative stimulus for the remainder of the fixed-ratio component, or when the fixed-interval discriminative stimulus was presented independently of responding according to a matched temporal sequence. When the fixed-interval discriminative stimulus was present continuously during the fixed-ratio component (mixed schedule), chlorpromazine produced even more substantial decreases in fixed-ratio responding (greater than 80% at 30 mg/kg). Effects of chlorpromazine on fixed-interval responding were also modified by the schedules of fixed-interval discriminative stimulus presentation. The effects of chlorpromazine were a joint function of the stimuli prevailing during the multiple schedule and the degree to which responding influenced these stimuli.Key uvxrds: chlorpromazine, fixed-ratio schedules, fixed-interval schedules, multiple schedules, mixed schedules, stimulus control, discriminative stimuli, pigeons Behavioral effects of drugs can be altered by the stimuli prevailing at the time of drug administration (cf. Laties, 1975;Thompson, 1978). For example, in pigeons, chlorpromazine produces very little change in fixed-ratio responding under a multiple fixed-interval fixed-ratio (multiple FI FR) schedule across a range of doses that markedly decrease FR responding under a comparable mixed FI FR schedule (Leander & McMillan, 1974), even when performances under the two conditions are made quite similar (Leander, 1981a 20307-5100. stimuli are correlated with each schedule component. A mixed FI FR schedule provides reinforcement according to the identical response contingencies as a multiple FI FR schedule, but the same stimulus is present during both FI and FR components (Ferster & Skinner, 1957).The present study was initiated when it was observed that chlorpromazine only marginally decreased FR re...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of Chlorpromazine on Fixed‐ratio Responding: Modification by Fixed‐interval Discriminative Stimuli

Witkin

1986

J Exper Analysis Behavior

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“…The effects of amphetamine have been studied using estimation procedures. With discrete-trial estimation procedures, amphetamine decreased accuracy of discrimination and increased response position bias at doses that did not alter response probability [Altman et al, 1979;Rapp and Robbins, 1976;Stubbs and Thomas, 19741. Another effect has been a shift in the psychometric function, which is interpreted as increasing the speed of a hypothetical internal clock [Maricq et al, 19811. The goals of the present experiment were to assess the usefulness of a titration procedure to measure the effects of drugs on duration discrimination.…”

Section: Effects Of Pentobarbital and (I-amphetamine On Duration Discmentioning

confidence: 99%

Titration of duration discrimination in behavioral pharmacology and toxicology

Daniel

Evans

1990

Drug Development Research

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Daniel, S.A., and Evans, H.L.:Titration of duration discrimination in behavioral pharmacology and toxicology. Drug Dev. Res. 20:123-139, 1990. This study investigated a discrete-trial, titration duration discrimination procedure in behavioral pharmacology. Pentobarbital and d-amphetamine, measured with this procedure, selectively affected discrimination more than response tendencies. Pentobarbital also tended to affect selectively discrimination of longer durations, whereas d-amphetamine did not. Further experiments showed that 1) other algorithms for modulating stimulus duration are useful in behavioral pharmacology and toxicology, 2) threshold estimates are similar with the method of constant stimuli and the method of titration, and 3) this titration procedure permits the separate examination of drug effects upon discrimination and upon response tendencies; the fixed-interval procedure does not. Baseline variability was an important correlate of drug effects in that the endpoints with more variable baselines were also more sensitive to drugs.

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“…The stimulus employed may be in any modality, for example visual (Grilly et al 1980;Milar 1981;West et al 1982;Andrews and Sahgal 1984), auditory (Dykstra and Appel 1974;Slangen 1983, 1984) or tactile, e.g., shock (Dykstra 1980;Grilly et al 1980;Grilly 1981). These procedures have been employed to assess the effects on discrimination of a wide variety of drugs, such as LSD (Dykstra and Appel 1974;Hernandez and Appel 1979), barbiturates (Grilly et al 1980), morphine (Grilly et al 1980;Grilly 1981 ;West et al 1982;Slangen 1983, 1984;Moerschbaecher et al 1984), and amphetamine (Altman et al 1979;Grilly et al 1980;Evenden and Robbins 1983;Slangen 1983, 1984). Procedures of this type allow several different components of performance to be assessed, for example changes * Present address" Department of Neuropsychopharmacology, Schering AG, D-t000 Berlin 65 Offprint requests to: S.G. Holtzman in overall discriminative ability, response bias, and response latencies.…”

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confidence: 99%

“…Several studies have indicated dose-related changes in discrimination performance Slangen 1983, 1984), whereas others have seen none (Altman et al 1979, Grilly et al 1980. These results may be due to the ability of amphetamine to induce stereotypic behavior in animals.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…These results may be due to the ability of amphetamine to induce stereotypic behavior in animals. Several studies have demonstrated that amphetamine tends to affect patterns of responding (Altman et al 1979;Slangen 1983, 1984). Thus, changes in response patterns rather than changes in ability to perceive the stimulus may be the primary cause of the decreases in discrimination performance.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Effects of d-amphetamine, morphine, naloxone, and drug combinations on visual discrimination in rats

Andrews

Holtzman

1988

Psychopharmacology

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The effects of d-amphetamine, morphine, and naloxone on visual discrimination were investigated using a two-choice discrete-trial procedure in which rats were trained to discriminate the position of a lightflash. Morphine (0.3-5.6 mg/kg) but not amphetamine (0.1-1.0 mg/kg) caused a significant dose-dependent disruption in discriminative performance. Both amphetamine and morphine increased response latencies. Naloxone (1.0 mg/kg) prevented the disruption of any aspect of performance by up to 100 mg/kg morphine. Performance after naloxone/amphetamine co-administration was not significantly different from that observed after amphetamine alone. Naloxone alone (0.3-10 mg/kg) had no effect on discrimination, spatial bias or response latencies. These results suggest that morphine and amphetamine affect different components of discrimination performance.

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Drugs and the discrimination of duration

Cited by 19 publications

References 17 publications

Effects of Chlorpromazine on Fixed‐ratio Responding: Modification by Fixed‐interval Discriminative Stimuli

Effects of Chlorpromazine on Fixed‐ratio Responding: Modification by Fixed‐interval Discriminative Stimuli

Titration of duration discrimination in behavioral pharmacology and toxicology

Effects of d-amphetamine, morphine, naloxone, and drug combinations on visual discrimination in rats

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